KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP AFGHANISTAN DI BAWAH KEPEMIMPINAN DONALD TRUMP 2017-2021
Keywords:
Terorrism, Foreign Policy, United states, Afghanistan
Abstract
The United States' foreign policy towards Afghanistan has been a long conflict. The 9/11 tragedy was caused by the Al-Qaeda extremist terrorist group led by Osama Bin Laden. This terrorist group attacked the WTC building in New York and then the US responded to the attack by invading Afghanistan with the aim of overthrowing the terrorist group in Afghanistan. This conflict is influenced by complex factors, one of which is influenced by the policy-making actor, Donald Trump. Trump's inconsistency in formulating foreign policy in Afghanistan is influenced by his background, experience, and perception as a leader.
The general objective of this research is to analyze Donald Trump's decision making process in the United States foreign policy towards Afghanistan from 2017 to 2021. While the specific objective is to examine Donald Trump's internal and external factors that influence US foreign policy towards Afghanistan.
This research uses qualitative research by collecting data sources from books, journals, articles and news. This research uses Alexander Wend's Constructivism approach and the Concept of Foreign Policy and the Concept of Decision making process from Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen which shows indicators of the influence of his decisions can be seen from the Leader's personality, leader type, and Donald Trump's leadership style through his policies towards Afghanistan 2017-2021.
References
https://www.bbc.com. (2021, July 27). Taliban kembali bangkit, bagaimana mereka bisa menguasai kembali setengah wilayah Afghanistan? - BBC News Indonesia. BBC News Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-57966988
2018 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore the results. (2019, January 29).
Transparency.org. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018
Abbasi "Pakistan’s Participation in the War on Terror and US Concerns: An Analysis" Journal of independent studies and research management social science and economics (2013)
Affianty, Debbie. "POLITIK LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA”. UIN press, 2015.
Agbiboa, D. (2014). Terrorism without borders: somalia’s al-shabaab and the global jihad network. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(1).
Ahmed, Z. (2022). The taliban’s takeover of afghanistan and pakistan’s non‐
traditional security challenges. Global Policy, 13(1), 125-131.
Akaber, Jhosep. (2022). The united states foreign policy against afghanistan military: a covert military method. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 9(2):213-213.
Alkhakimi, Ghozi Rahman. Kebijakan Penarikan Militer Amerika Serikat dari Afghanistan pada Masa Pemerintahan Joe Biden Tahun 2021. Diss.
Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2024.
Amin, M. (2023). The role of china’s investment in shaping the
redevelopment of afghanistan. rjl, 2(1), 9-19.
Andini, S. (2024). Taliban 2.0: transisi pendekatan komunikasi politik taliban dalam membangun citra demokrasi. Journal of Law Administration and Social Science, 4(4), 525-543.
Anton, Herli, et al. "THE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE TALIBAN'S TAKEOVER OF THE AFGHAN STATE IS REVIEWED FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND THE 1998 ROME STATUTE." (2023).
Azria, K. and Ramayani, E. (2022). Sejarah perang afghanistan dari dulu hingga kini. Jurnal Pir Power in International Relations, 6(2), 122.
Bailey, Beth, and Richard H. Immerman, eds. Understanding the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. NYU Press, 2015.
Biegon, R. (2019). A populist grand strategy? trump and the framing of american decline. International Relations, 33(4), 517-539.
Bligh, Michelle C., and Jeffrey C. Kohles. "The enduring allure of charisma: How Barack Obama won the historic 2008 presidential election." The Leadership Quarterly 20.3 (2009): 483-492.
Ciovacco, C. (2009). The contours of al qaeda's media strategy. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 32(10), 853-875.
Cordesman, Anthony H. The Afghan War: Reshaping American strategy and finding ways to win. Center for Strategic & International Studies., 2016.
Curtis, Lisa. "Picking up the Pieces in Afghanistan: Need for Smarter Diplomacy and Targeted Counterterrorism." Global Policy 13.1 (2022): 114-119.
Dale, Dr Catherine. War in Afghanistan: Strategy, Operations, and Issues for Congress. Vol. 9. Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2011.
Damaiyanti, Mila. Analisis Faktor Determinan Kebijakan Amerika Serikat Menarik Pasukannya Dari Afghanistan Tahun 2021. BS thesis. Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Dhaka, A. (2014). Factoring central asia into china's afghanistan policy.
Journal of Eurasian Studies, 5(1), 97-106.
Dikkers, Scott, and Peter Hilleren. Destined for Destiny: The Unauthorized Autobiography of George W. Bush. Simon and Schuster, 2006.
Elsanhoury, M., Seddek, A. M. R. M., Sarwat, N. M., & Debian, R. (2020). A multimodal discourse analysis of political speeches: the case of donald trump’s 2016 election speeches. Journal of Language and Literature, 20(2), 168.
Eremin, A. (2021). U.s. migration policy radicalization (2017-2019): case of mexico and central america. Vestnik Rudn International Relations, 21(1), 108-118.
Erfan, A. (2021). The geopolitical influential components in the afghan crisis. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 4(7), 36-43.
Fox News. (2015, January 14). Summary of flights hijacked on 9/11. https://www.foxnews.com/story/summary-of-flights-hijacked-on-9- 11?msockid=135b8612bc5862140d1f9357bd0e63b0
Ganaie, R. and Ganaie, M. (2022). India’s afghanistan policy: a quest for strategic space post the us withdrawal. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1).
Gibler, Douglas M., and Steven V. Miller. "Comparing the foreign aid policies of presidents Bush and Obama." Social Science Quarterly 93.5 (2012): 1202-1217.
Hakim, Muhammad Luqmanul. Faktor-Faktor Determinan Dalam Perubahan Kebijakan Kontraterorisme Amerika Serikat di Afghanistan Pada Masa Pemerintahan Presiden Donald Trump. BS thesis. FISIP UIN Jakarta, 2019.
Hall, J. (2020). In search of enemies: donald trump’s populist foreign policy rhetoric. Politics, 41(1), 48-63.
Halpert, B. M. (2023, September 25). Over 340 first responders have died from 9/11 illnesses. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada- 66917700
Hamid et al. "PENGARUH KEPRIBADIAN TERHADAP STRESS KERJA PERAWAT RUMAH SAKIT JIWA PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA"
Jurnal valuasi jurnal ilmiah ilmu manajemen dan kewirausahaan (2021)
Hanauer, L. and Chalk, P. (2012). India's and pakistan's strategies in afghanistan: implications for the united states and the region..
Hardiyanti, Siti, and Radhi Darmasnyah. "Kebijakan Militer Pemerintah Amerika Serikat Dalam Memerangi Kelompok Taliban di Afghanistan Pada Kepemimpinan Barack Obama Periode 2009-2012." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Sosial & Ilmu Politik 3.1 (2018).
Hassan and Hammond "The rise and fall of American's freedom agenda in Afghanistan: counter-terrorism, nation-building and democracy" The international journal of human rights (2011)
Hatta, Adilah Yasmin. Agenda konsolidasi demokrasi: upaya Mohammad Ashraf Ghani dalam membangun good governance di Afghanistan Tahun 2014-2016. BS thesis. Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2017.
Henderson, Christian. "The 2010 United States national security strategy and the Obama doctrine of ‘necessary force’." Journal of Conflict & Security Law 15.3 (2010): 403-434.
Holsti, Ole R. "Public opinion and foreign policy: Challenges to the Almond- Lippmann consensus." International studies quarterly 36.4 (1992).
Huda "Peran Kepribadian sebagai Moderasi Pengaruh Servant Leadership dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan" Jsma (jurnal sains manajemen dan akuntansi) (2024)
Hudaya, M. (2024). Di balik kekalahan militer afghanistan terhadap taliban: sudut pandang budaya strategis afghanistan. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 17(1), 24-45.
Humire, J. (2024). The foreign policy foundations of trumpism.
Norteamérica, 19(1).
Husna, Atik Fadilatul. "Perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat dalam memerangi terorisme internasional di Afghanistan pada periode pemerintahan Barack Obama." (2012).
Ibrahimi, N. and Farasoo, A. (2022). Understanding shifts in us policies towards the taliban: a critical analysis. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 50(3), 810-838.
Immelman, Aubrey, and Anne Marie Griebie. "The personality profile and leadership style of US president Donald J. Trump in office." (2020).
Imranullah, A. (2024). Strategic interests and geopolitical considerations: assessing the importance of afghanistan for the us post-withdrawal. J. Arts Humanit. Soc. Sci., 1(2), 1-9.
Jacobson, Gary C. "A tale of two wars: Public opinion on the US military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq." Presidential Studies Quarterly 40.4 (2010): 585-610.
James N. Rosenau, World Politics: An Introduction, 1976, London: Collier Mc Millan
Jochem, T., Murtazashvili, I., & Murtazashvili, J. (2015). Social identity and voting in afghanistan: evidence from a survey experiment. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 2(1), 47-62.
John W. Cresswell. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. California. Sage Publication. 2013
Khan, Amina. "President Barack Obama’s Policy on Afghanistan." Reflections 1 (2009).
Khan, M. B., Z. Ahmad, and M. Ullah. "War on Terror in Afghanistan; an Analysis of US Failed Policy." Global Foreign Policies Review 4 (2022): 1- 10.
Kohn, Alfie. "Trumped: Making sense of the narcissist-in-chief." The Psychology of Political Behavior in a Time of Change (2021)
Kostanian, A. (2021). The heretic nature of al-qaeda’s ideology. Jurnal Studi
Sosial Dan Politik, 5(2), 148-156.
Krech, H. (2011). The growing influence of al-qaeda on the african continent.
Africa Spectrum, 46(2), 125-137.
Lacatus, Corina, and Gustav Meibauer. "Introduction to the special issue: Elections, rhetoric and American foreign policy in the age of Donald Trump." Politics 41.1 (2021): 3-14.
Lee, Michael J. "Us, them, and the war on terror: reassessing George W. Bush’s rhetorical legacy." Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 14.1 (2017): 3-30.
Little, D. (2022). Midnight in the graveyard of empires. Us Versus Them, Second Edition, 247-272.
Loidolt, B. (2011). Managing the global and local: the dual agendas of al qaeda in the arabian peninsula. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 34(2), 102-123.
Malik, Muhammad Suleman, et al. "Disease status of Afghan refugees and migrants in Pakistan." Frontiers in Public Health 7 (2019): 185.
Malkasian, Carter. The American war in Afghanistan: A history. Oxford University Press, 2021.
Margulies, P. and Sinnot, M. (2014). Crossing borders to target al-qaeda and its affiliates: defining networks as organized armed groups in non- international armed conflicts., 319-345.
Mark Webber dan Michael Smith. Foreign Policy in Transformed World.
London. Prentince Hall. 2002.
Maryam, S. (2023). Kebijakan hak asasi manusia di amerika serikat dan australia pada resonansi gerakan black lives matter. Jurnal Mediasosian Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Administrasi Negara, 7(2), 200- 212.
McCrisken, Trevor. "Justifying sacrifice: Barack Obama and the selling and ending of the war in Afghanistan." International affairs 88.5 (2012): 993-1007.
Mehmood, S., Sulaiman, S., & Jabbar, A. (2022). Discourse analysis of the us war on terror policy in afghanistan. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal, 3(1), 487-498.
Mintz, Alex, and Karl DeRouen Jr. Understanding foreign policy decision making. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Mirza, M., Abbas, H., & Baneen, U. (2020). Mapping contours of reconciliation and peace process in afghanistan: policy options for pakistan. Journal of Peace Development & Communication, 04(01), 01-22.
Mishal, S. and Rosenthal, M. (2005). Al qaeda as a dune organization: toward a typology of islamic terrorist organizations. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 28(4), 275-293.
Mohammad, Qasim, Akbari. (2023). US Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan.
Brief from 2001 to 2022. Akademik tarih ve düşünce dergisi,
Mohapatra, N. (2020). Afghanistan’s ‘political insecurity’ and the emerging
geopolitical calculus in eurasia. International Studies, 57(3), 259-278. Monique Hennink, Inget Hutter dan Ajay Bailey. Qualitative Research
Methods. London. Sage Publication Ltd. 2011.
Muhammad. (2023). Kebangkitan Kembali Taliban di Afghanistan Pasca Penarikan Mundur Pasukan Amerika Serikat: Kajian Faktor Kekuatan Ashabiyah = The Revival of Taliban in Afghanistan Post the United States Withdrawal: A Study on Ashabiyah Factors. Universitas Indonesia Library; Sekolah Kajian Stratejik dan Global Universitas Indonesia.
Mustafa, G., Ahmed, M., & Junaid, A. (2020). Role of china and iran in afghanistan peace process. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research (Sjesr), 3(4), 424-432.
Nasrat, Qaisar. "Negotiating with the Taliban: How will it affect the future of Afghanistan?." Journal of Academic Perspective on Social Studies 1 (2020): 19-27.
Naz, Samra, and Zafar Nawaz Jaspal. "Afghanistan in the snare of external power struggle." Strategic Studies 38.3 (2018): 22-39.
Neumann, Ronald Eldredge. Failed Relations Between Hamid Karzai and the United States:. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2015.
NUGROHO, Pratomo Adi. State Building Afghanistan oleh Amerika Serikat:: Latar belakang dan prospeknya berdasarkan analisa perbandingan kasus-kasus State Building Amerika Serikat dalam sejarah. Diss. Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2004.
Omarkhail, I. (2024). Perceptions of informed afghans on the taliban's islamic emirate and the former afghan government. World Affairs, 187(4), 476-495.
Oxford Analytica. "US strategy on Afghanistan may achieve its modest aims." Emerald Expert Briefings oxan-db (2017).
Padmi, M. and Yulianti, Z. (2021). Kebijakan imigrasi presiden trump terhadap masyarakat imigran di amerika serikat tahun 2017-2018. Global Insight Journal, 6(2).
Palmer, Glenn, and T. Clifton Morgan. A theory of foreign policy. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Permono, P. (2019). Abu sayyaf group di filipina selatan setelah bangsamoro autonomous region in muslim mindanao. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 13(2), 109.
Peter, Augustine, Lawler. (2024). 3. 8. Constructivism And International Relations.
Purba, Safna Putri, Reni Windiani, and Satwika Paramasatya. "Kebijakan Amerika Serikat Menyetujui Perjanjian Perdamaian dengan Taliban dan Penarikan Pasukan Amerika Serikat dari Afghanistan di Masa Kepemimpinan Donald Trump." Journal of International Relations Universitas Diponegoro 8.3 (2022): 346-356.
Purnomo, M. (2021). Perkembangan nasib perempuan di dunia islam; perbandingan arab saudi dan afghanistan. Maarif, 16(2), 278-293.
Rangelov and Theros "Political functions of impunity in the war on terror: Evidence from Afghanistan" Journal of human rights (2019)
Rashid, Ahmed. "Afghanistan: progress since the Taliban." Asian Affairs 37.1 (2006): 31-35.
Rasouli, Mohammad. "The US Approach to Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: A Comparative Analysis of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump Administration Policies in Afghanistan." (2020).
Riley, Alexander. "On the role of images in the construction of narratives about the crash of United Airlines Flight 93." Visual Studies 23.1 (2008): 4-19.
Robertua, Verdinand. "Hillary Clinton Vs Donald Trump: Quo Vadis Intervensi Kemanusiaan?." JIPSI-Jurnal Ilmu Politik dan Komunikasi UNIKOM 6 (2017).
Safira "Kebijakan Penarikan Pasukan Amerika Serikat Dari Afghanistan" (2023)
Sahide, A. (2024). Indonesian media framing against trump in the 2020 presidential election. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(5), 2024097.
Sahputra, Indra, et al. "Tantangan Pemberian Bantuan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat ke Afghanistan Tahun 2021." Global and Policy Journal of International Relations 10.01 (2022).
Sahrasad, H., Syukur, Y., Chaidar, A., Tabrany, D., & Ridwan, M. (2019).
Osama and the entry of al qaeda to southeast asia in historical perspective: a preliminary note. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (Birci-Journal) Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 7-21.
Sakhi, N. (2022). The taliban takeover in afghanistan and security paradox.
Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 9(3), 383-401.
SARI, INTAN PERMATA. "PENGARUH IDIOSINKRATIK PRESIDEN DONALD
J. TRUMP DALAM KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AMERIKA SERIKAT
TERHADAP ISU SENJATA NUKLIR DAN RUDAL KOREA UTARA (2017-2021)." (2022).
Sari, V., Fauzy, I., Artisa, T., & Febby, S. (2020). Upaya kontraterorisme amerika serikat terhadap kelompok teroris al-qaeda: studi kasus kenya tahun 1998. Majalah Ilmiah Unikom, 18(1), 3-10.
Schmitt, Michael N. The war in Afghanistan: a legal analysis. Government Printing Office, 2009.
Sella, R. (2023). Analisis kepentingan amerika serikat dalam propaganda media massa terkait perkembangan nuklir iran masa pemerinatahan mahmoud ahmadinejad. Jurnal Pir Power in International Relations, 8(1), 1-14
Siagian, Muhnizar, and Tiffany Setyo Pratiwi. "Narcoterrorism in Afghanistan." Jurnal ICMES 2.2 (2018): 158-178.
Sinapa, Yeyen Magreyeni. "Keterlibatan NATO dalam operasi militer yang dipimpin oleh Amerika Serikat di Afghanistan masa pemerintahan George W. Bush." (2012).
Smith, David Norman, and Eric Hanley. "The anger games: Who voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election, and why?." Critical sociology 44.2 (2018): 195-212.
Smith, Steve, Amelia Hadfield, and Timothy Dunne, eds. Foreign policy: theories, actors, cases. Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.
Snider, J. (2022). Taliban 2.0 and us national security policy in afghanistan.
Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 9(3), 402-423.
Stefan, Y. (2019). Korelasi dinamis pasar saham asean dengan nilai tukar dollar amerika serikat (usd) di era donald trump. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 8(2), 131.
Syukur, Claudia Karina. "Upaya Amerika Serikat melindungi kepentingan nasional di Timur Tengah melalui kebijakan Global War on Terror (GWOT) paska 9/11: Multinational Military Operation di Afghanistan." (2021).
Taj, F. (2022). Clash of identities. Policy Perspectives, 19(2).
Taufik, T. and Pratiwi, S. (2021). American first : kebijakan donald trump dalam pembatasan kaum imigran ke amerika serikat. Intermestic Journal of International Studies, 6(1), 221.
Tellis, A., 2009. Reconciling With the Taliban?: Toward an Alternative Grand Strategy in Afghanistan, CEIP: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. United States of America. Retrieved fromSwenson, Geoffrey. "Afghanistan Corruption No Gaffe." (2016).
Tucker, Noah. "Foreign fighters, returnees and a resurgent Taliban: lessons for Central Asia from the Syrian conflict." Security and Human
Rights 32.1-4 (2022): 69-82.
Verma, Raj. "The US-Taliban peace deal and India’s strategic
options." Australian Journal of International Affairs 75.1 (2021): 10-14.
W. Lawrence Newman. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Seventh Edition). London. Pearson. 2014.
Walling, Michael G. Enduring Freedom, Enduring Voices: US Operations in
Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
Wardhana "Grand Strategy Obama: Pivot to Asia" Jurnal global & strategis (2018)
Wardhana, A. and Dugis, V. (2019). Grand strategy isolasionisme selektif : kebijakan luar negeri amerika serikat di era trump. Jurnal Global &Amp; Strategis, 13(2), 141
Wardoyo, B. (2024). Great power politics and united states’ withdrawal from
afghanistan. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 18(1), 1-28.
Weigand and Cox "Why Did the Taliban Win (Again) in Afghanistan?" Lse public policy review (2022)
Welle, D. (2009, March 9). Obama Bersedia Berunding dengan Taliban. dw.com. https://www.dw.com/id/obama-bersedia-berunding-dengan- taliban/a-4084747
Wendt, Alexander. "Social theory of international politics." (1999).
Wilder, A. (2010). Aid and stability in pakistan: lessons from the 2005 earthquake response. Disasters, 34(s3).
Winarno, B. (2014) Dinamika Isu-isu Global Kontemporer. Jakarta: PT. BUKU SERU
Wright, J. D. and Esses, V. M. (2018). It’s security, stupid! voters’ perceptions of immigrants as a security risk predicted support for donald trump in the 2016 us presidential election. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(1), 36-49.
YAWAR, M. (2024). Changing the us foreign policy strategy in the region and afghanistan. Akademik Tarih Ve Dusunce Dergisi.
Yousuf, M. (2023). India-afghanistan relations in changing regional geopolitics. South Asia Research, 43(3), 343-361.
Zoldi, Soeltan Mohammad. "Analisis penarikan pasukan Amerika Serikat dari Afghanistan pada tahun 2021." (2022).
Zulian, I. (2020). Analisis pengaruh islamophobia terhadap kebijakan luar negeri amerika serikat di pemerintahan donald trump. Jurnal PIR : Power in International Relations, 3(2), 140.
2018 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore the results. (2019, January 29).
Transparency.org. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018
Abbasi "Pakistan’s Participation in the War on Terror and US Concerns: An Analysis" Journal of independent studies and research management social science and economics (2013)
Affianty, Debbie. "POLITIK LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA”. UIN press, 2015.
Agbiboa, D. (2014). Terrorism without borders: somalia’s al-shabaab and the global jihad network. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5(1).
Ahmed, Z. (2022). The taliban’s takeover of afghanistan and pakistan’s non‐
traditional security challenges. Global Policy, 13(1), 125-131.
Akaber, Jhosep. (2022). The united states foreign policy against afghanistan military: a covert military method. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 9(2):213-213.
Alkhakimi, Ghozi Rahman. Kebijakan Penarikan Militer Amerika Serikat dari Afghanistan pada Masa Pemerintahan Joe Biden Tahun 2021. Diss.
Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2024.
Amin, M. (2023). The role of china’s investment in shaping the
redevelopment of afghanistan. rjl, 2(1), 9-19.
Andini, S. (2024). Taliban 2.0: transisi pendekatan komunikasi politik taliban dalam membangun citra demokrasi. Journal of Law Administration and Social Science, 4(4), 525-543.
Anton, Herli, et al. "THE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE TALIBAN'S TAKEOVER OF THE AFGHAN STATE IS REVIEWED FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND THE 1998 ROME STATUTE." (2023).
Azria, K. and Ramayani, E. (2022). Sejarah perang afghanistan dari dulu hingga kini. Jurnal Pir Power in International Relations, 6(2), 122.
Bailey, Beth, and Richard H. Immerman, eds. Understanding the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. NYU Press, 2015.
Biegon, R. (2019). A populist grand strategy? trump and the framing of american decline. International Relations, 33(4), 517-539.
Bligh, Michelle C., and Jeffrey C. Kohles. "The enduring allure of charisma: How Barack Obama won the historic 2008 presidential election." The Leadership Quarterly 20.3 (2009): 483-492.
Ciovacco, C. (2009). The contours of al qaeda's media strategy. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 32(10), 853-875.
Cordesman, Anthony H. The Afghan War: Reshaping American strategy and finding ways to win. Center for Strategic & International Studies., 2016.
Curtis, Lisa. "Picking up the Pieces in Afghanistan: Need for Smarter Diplomacy and Targeted Counterterrorism." Global Policy 13.1 (2022): 114-119.
Dale, Dr Catherine. War in Afghanistan: Strategy, Operations, and Issues for Congress. Vol. 9. Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2011.
Damaiyanti, Mila. Analisis Faktor Determinan Kebijakan Amerika Serikat Menarik Pasukannya Dari Afghanistan Tahun 2021. BS thesis. Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Dhaka, A. (2014). Factoring central asia into china's afghanistan policy.
Journal of Eurasian Studies, 5(1), 97-106.
Dikkers, Scott, and Peter Hilleren. Destined for Destiny: The Unauthorized Autobiography of George W. Bush. Simon and Schuster, 2006.
Elsanhoury, M., Seddek, A. M. R. M., Sarwat, N. M., & Debian, R. (2020). A multimodal discourse analysis of political speeches: the case of donald trump’s 2016 election speeches. Journal of Language and Literature, 20(2), 168.
Eremin, A. (2021). U.s. migration policy radicalization (2017-2019): case of mexico and central america. Vestnik Rudn International Relations, 21(1), 108-118.
Erfan, A. (2021). The geopolitical influential components in the afghan crisis. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 4(7), 36-43.
Fox News. (2015, January 14). Summary of flights hijacked on 9/11. https://www.foxnews.com/story/summary-of-flights-hijacked-on-9- 11?msockid=135b8612bc5862140d1f9357bd0e63b0
Ganaie, R. and Ganaie, M. (2022). India’s afghanistan policy: a quest for strategic space post the us withdrawal. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1).
Gibler, Douglas M., and Steven V. Miller. "Comparing the foreign aid policies of presidents Bush and Obama." Social Science Quarterly 93.5 (2012): 1202-1217.
Hakim, Muhammad Luqmanul. Faktor-Faktor Determinan Dalam Perubahan Kebijakan Kontraterorisme Amerika Serikat di Afghanistan Pada Masa Pemerintahan Presiden Donald Trump. BS thesis. FISIP UIN Jakarta, 2019.
Hall, J. (2020). In search of enemies: donald trump’s populist foreign policy rhetoric. Politics, 41(1), 48-63.
Halpert, B. M. (2023, September 25). Over 340 first responders have died from 9/11 illnesses. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada- 66917700
Hamid et al. "PENGARUH KEPRIBADIAN TERHADAP STRESS KERJA PERAWAT RUMAH SAKIT JIWA PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA"
Jurnal valuasi jurnal ilmiah ilmu manajemen dan kewirausahaan (2021)
Hanauer, L. and Chalk, P. (2012). India's and pakistan's strategies in afghanistan: implications for the united states and the region..
Hardiyanti, Siti, and Radhi Darmasnyah. "Kebijakan Militer Pemerintah Amerika Serikat Dalam Memerangi Kelompok Taliban di Afghanistan Pada Kepemimpinan Barack Obama Periode 2009-2012." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Sosial & Ilmu Politik 3.1 (2018).
Hassan and Hammond "The rise and fall of American's freedom agenda in Afghanistan: counter-terrorism, nation-building and democracy" The international journal of human rights (2011)
Hatta, Adilah Yasmin. Agenda konsolidasi demokrasi: upaya Mohammad Ashraf Ghani dalam membangun good governance di Afghanistan Tahun 2014-2016. BS thesis. Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2017.
Henderson, Christian. "The 2010 United States national security strategy and the Obama doctrine of ‘necessary force’." Journal of Conflict & Security Law 15.3 (2010): 403-434.
Holsti, Ole R. "Public opinion and foreign policy: Challenges to the Almond- Lippmann consensus." International studies quarterly 36.4 (1992).
Huda "Peran Kepribadian sebagai Moderasi Pengaruh Servant Leadership dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan" Jsma (jurnal sains manajemen dan akuntansi) (2024)
Hudaya, M. (2024). Di balik kekalahan militer afghanistan terhadap taliban: sudut pandang budaya strategis afghanistan. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 17(1), 24-45.
Humire, J. (2024). The foreign policy foundations of trumpism.
Norteamérica, 19(1).
Husna, Atik Fadilatul. "Perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat dalam memerangi terorisme internasional di Afghanistan pada periode pemerintahan Barack Obama." (2012).
Ibrahimi, N. and Farasoo, A. (2022). Understanding shifts in us policies towards the taliban: a critical analysis. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 50(3), 810-838.
Immelman, Aubrey, and Anne Marie Griebie. "The personality profile and leadership style of US president Donald J. Trump in office." (2020).
Imranullah, A. (2024). Strategic interests and geopolitical considerations: assessing the importance of afghanistan for the us post-withdrawal. J. Arts Humanit. Soc. Sci., 1(2), 1-9.
Jacobson, Gary C. "A tale of two wars: Public opinion on the US military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq." Presidential Studies Quarterly 40.4 (2010): 585-610.
James N. Rosenau, World Politics: An Introduction, 1976, London: Collier Mc Millan
Jochem, T., Murtazashvili, I., & Murtazashvili, J. (2015). Social identity and voting in afghanistan: evidence from a survey experiment. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 2(1), 47-62.
John W. Cresswell. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. California. Sage Publication. 2013
Khan, Amina. "President Barack Obama’s Policy on Afghanistan." Reflections 1 (2009).
Khan, M. B., Z. Ahmad, and M. Ullah. "War on Terror in Afghanistan; an Analysis of US Failed Policy." Global Foreign Policies Review 4 (2022): 1- 10.
Kohn, Alfie. "Trumped: Making sense of the narcissist-in-chief." The Psychology of Political Behavior in a Time of Change (2021)
Kostanian, A. (2021). The heretic nature of al-qaeda’s ideology. Jurnal Studi
Sosial Dan Politik, 5(2), 148-156.
Krech, H. (2011). The growing influence of al-qaeda on the african continent.
Africa Spectrum, 46(2), 125-137.
Lacatus, Corina, and Gustav Meibauer. "Introduction to the special issue: Elections, rhetoric and American foreign policy in the age of Donald Trump." Politics 41.1 (2021): 3-14.
Lee, Michael J. "Us, them, and the war on terror: reassessing George W. Bush’s rhetorical legacy." Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 14.1 (2017): 3-30.
Little, D. (2022). Midnight in the graveyard of empires. Us Versus Them, Second Edition, 247-272.
Loidolt, B. (2011). Managing the global and local: the dual agendas of al qaeda in the arabian peninsula. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 34(2), 102-123.
Malik, Muhammad Suleman, et al. "Disease status of Afghan refugees and migrants in Pakistan." Frontiers in Public Health 7 (2019): 185.
Malkasian, Carter. The American war in Afghanistan: A history. Oxford University Press, 2021.
Margulies, P. and Sinnot, M. (2014). Crossing borders to target al-qaeda and its affiliates: defining networks as organized armed groups in non- international armed conflicts., 319-345.
Mark Webber dan Michael Smith. Foreign Policy in Transformed World.
London. Prentince Hall. 2002.
Maryam, S. (2023). Kebijakan hak asasi manusia di amerika serikat dan australia pada resonansi gerakan black lives matter. Jurnal Mediasosian Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Administrasi Negara, 7(2), 200- 212.
McCrisken, Trevor. "Justifying sacrifice: Barack Obama and the selling and ending of the war in Afghanistan." International affairs 88.5 (2012): 993-1007.
Mehmood, S., Sulaiman, S., & Jabbar, A. (2022). Discourse analysis of the us war on terror policy in afghanistan. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal, 3(1), 487-498.
Mintz, Alex, and Karl DeRouen Jr. Understanding foreign policy decision making. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Mirza, M., Abbas, H., & Baneen, U. (2020). Mapping contours of reconciliation and peace process in afghanistan: policy options for pakistan. Journal of Peace Development & Communication, 04(01), 01-22.
Mishal, S. and Rosenthal, M. (2005). Al qaeda as a dune organization: toward a typology of islamic terrorist organizations. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 28(4), 275-293.
Mohammad, Qasim, Akbari. (2023). US Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan.
Brief from 2001 to 2022. Akademik tarih ve düşünce dergisi,
Mohapatra, N. (2020). Afghanistan’s ‘political insecurity’ and the emerging
geopolitical calculus in eurasia. International Studies, 57(3), 259-278. Monique Hennink, Inget Hutter dan Ajay Bailey. Qualitative Research
Methods. London. Sage Publication Ltd. 2011.
Muhammad. (2023). Kebangkitan Kembali Taliban di Afghanistan Pasca Penarikan Mundur Pasukan Amerika Serikat: Kajian Faktor Kekuatan Ashabiyah = The Revival of Taliban in Afghanistan Post the United States Withdrawal: A Study on Ashabiyah Factors. Universitas Indonesia Library; Sekolah Kajian Stratejik dan Global Universitas Indonesia.
Mustafa, G., Ahmed, M., & Junaid, A. (2020). Role of china and iran in afghanistan peace process. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research (Sjesr), 3(4), 424-432.
Nasrat, Qaisar. "Negotiating with the Taliban: How will it affect the future of Afghanistan?." Journal of Academic Perspective on Social Studies 1 (2020): 19-27.
Naz, Samra, and Zafar Nawaz Jaspal. "Afghanistan in the snare of external power struggle." Strategic Studies 38.3 (2018): 22-39.
Neumann, Ronald Eldredge. Failed Relations Between Hamid Karzai and the United States:. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2015.
NUGROHO, Pratomo Adi. State Building Afghanistan oleh Amerika Serikat:: Latar belakang dan prospeknya berdasarkan analisa perbandingan kasus-kasus State Building Amerika Serikat dalam sejarah. Diss. Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2004.
Omarkhail, I. (2024). Perceptions of informed afghans on the taliban's islamic emirate and the former afghan government. World Affairs, 187(4), 476-495.
Oxford Analytica. "US strategy on Afghanistan may achieve its modest aims." Emerald Expert Briefings oxan-db (2017).
Padmi, M. and Yulianti, Z. (2021). Kebijakan imigrasi presiden trump terhadap masyarakat imigran di amerika serikat tahun 2017-2018. Global Insight Journal, 6(2).
Palmer, Glenn, and T. Clifton Morgan. A theory of foreign policy. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Permono, P. (2019). Abu sayyaf group di filipina selatan setelah bangsamoro autonomous region in muslim mindanao. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 13(2), 109.
Peter, Augustine, Lawler. (2024). 3. 8. Constructivism And International Relations.
Purba, Safna Putri, Reni Windiani, and Satwika Paramasatya. "Kebijakan Amerika Serikat Menyetujui Perjanjian Perdamaian dengan Taliban dan Penarikan Pasukan Amerika Serikat dari Afghanistan di Masa Kepemimpinan Donald Trump." Journal of International Relations Universitas Diponegoro 8.3 (2022): 346-356.
Purnomo, M. (2021). Perkembangan nasib perempuan di dunia islam; perbandingan arab saudi dan afghanistan. Maarif, 16(2), 278-293.
Rangelov and Theros "Political functions of impunity in the war on terror: Evidence from Afghanistan" Journal of human rights (2019)
Rashid, Ahmed. "Afghanistan: progress since the Taliban." Asian Affairs 37.1 (2006): 31-35.
Rasouli, Mohammad. "The US Approach to Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: A Comparative Analysis of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump Administration Policies in Afghanistan." (2020).
Riley, Alexander. "On the role of images in the construction of narratives about the crash of United Airlines Flight 93." Visual Studies 23.1 (2008): 4-19.
Robertua, Verdinand. "Hillary Clinton Vs Donald Trump: Quo Vadis Intervensi Kemanusiaan?." JIPSI-Jurnal Ilmu Politik dan Komunikasi UNIKOM 6 (2017).
Safira "Kebijakan Penarikan Pasukan Amerika Serikat Dari Afghanistan" (2023)
Sahide, A. (2024). Indonesian media framing against trump in the 2020 presidential election. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(5), 2024097.
Sahputra, Indra, et al. "Tantangan Pemberian Bantuan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat ke Afghanistan Tahun 2021." Global and Policy Journal of International Relations 10.01 (2022).
Sahrasad, H., Syukur, Y., Chaidar, A., Tabrany, D., & Ridwan, M. (2019).
Osama and the entry of al qaeda to southeast asia in historical perspective: a preliminary note. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (Birci-Journal) Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 7-21.
Sakhi, N. (2022). The taliban takeover in afghanistan and security paradox.
Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 9(3), 383-401.
SARI, INTAN PERMATA. "PENGARUH IDIOSINKRATIK PRESIDEN DONALD
J. TRUMP DALAM KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AMERIKA SERIKAT
TERHADAP ISU SENJATA NUKLIR DAN RUDAL KOREA UTARA (2017-2021)." (2022).
Sari, V., Fauzy, I., Artisa, T., & Febby, S. (2020). Upaya kontraterorisme amerika serikat terhadap kelompok teroris al-qaeda: studi kasus kenya tahun 1998. Majalah Ilmiah Unikom, 18(1), 3-10.
Schmitt, Michael N. The war in Afghanistan: a legal analysis. Government Printing Office, 2009.
Sella, R. (2023). Analisis kepentingan amerika serikat dalam propaganda media massa terkait perkembangan nuklir iran masa pemerinatahan mahmoud ahmadinejad. Jurnal Pir Power in International Relations, 8(1), 1-14
Siagian, Muhnizar, and Tiffany Setyo Pratiwi. "Narcoterrorism in Afghanistan." Jurnal ICMES 2.2 (2018): 158-178.
Sinapa, Yeyen Magreyeni. "Keterlibatan NATO dalam operasi militer yang dipimpin oleh Amerika Serikat di Afghanistan masa pemerintahan George W. Bush." (2012).
Smith, David Norman, and Eric Hanley. "The anger games: Who voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election, and why?." Critical sociology 44.2 (2018): 195-212.
Smith, Steve, Amelia Hadfield, and Timothy Dunne, eds. Foreign policy: theories, actors, cases. Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.
Snider, J. (2022). Taliban 2.0 and us national security policy in afghanistan.
Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 9(3), 402-423.
Stefan, Y. (2019). Korelasi dinamis pasar saham asean dengan nilai tukar dollar amerika serikat (usd) di era donald trump. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 8(2), 131.
Syukur, Claudia Karina. "Upaya Amerika Serikat melindungi kepentingan nasional di Timur Tengah melalui kebijakan Global War on Terror (GWOT) paska 9/11: Multinational Military Operation di Afghanistan." (2021).
Taj, F. (2022). Clash of identities. Policy Perspectives, 19(2).
Taufik, T. and Pratiwi, S. (2021). American first : kebijakan donald trump dalam pembatasan kaum imigran ke amerika serikat. Intermestic Journal of International Studies, 6(1), 221.
Tellis, A., 2009. Reconciling With the Taliban?: Toward an Alternative Grand Strategy in Afghanistan, CEIP: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. United States of America. Retrieved fromSwenson, Geoffrey. "Afghanistan Corruption No Gaffe." (2016).
Tucker, Noah. "Foreign fighters, returnees and a resurgent Taliban: lessons for Central Asia from the Syrian conflict." Security and Human
Rights 32.1-4 (2022): 69-82.
Verma, Raj. "The US-Taliban peace deal and India’s strategic
options." Australian Journal of International Affairs 75.1 (2021): 10-14.
W. Lawrence Newman. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Seventh Edition). London. Pearson. 2014.
Walling, Michael G. Enduring Freedom, Enduring Voices: US Operations in
Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
Wardhana "Grand Strategy Obama: Pivot to Asia" Jurnal global & strategis (2018)
Wardhana, A. and Dugis, V. (2019). Grand strategy isolasionisme selektif : kebijakan luar negeri amerika serikat di era trump. Jurnal Global &Amp; Strategis, 13(2), 141
Wardoyo, B. (2024). Great power politics and united states’ withdrawal from
afghanistan. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 18(1), 1-28.
Weigand and Cox "Why Did the Taliban Win (Again) in Afghanistan?" Lse public policy review (2022)
Welle, D. (2009, March 9). Obama Bersedia Berunding dengan Taliban. dw.com. https://www.dw.com/id/obama-bersedia-berunding-dengan- taliban/a-4084747
Wendt, Alexander. "Social theory of international politics." (1999).
Wilder, A. (2010). Aid and stability in pakistan: lessons from the 2005 earthquake response. Disasters, 34(s3).
Winarno, B. (2014) Dinamika Isu-isu Global Kontemporer. Jakarta: PT. BUKU SERU
Wright, J. D. and Esses, V. M. (2018). It’s security, stupid! voters’ perceptions of immigrants as a security risk predicted support for donald trump in the 2016 us presidential election. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(1), 36-49.
YAWAR, M. (2024). Changing the us foreign policy strategy in the region and afghanistan. Akademik Tarih Ve Dusunce Dergisi.
Yousuf, M. (2023). India-afghanistan relations in changing regional geopolitics. South Asia Research, 43(3), 343-361.
Zoldi, Soeltan Mohammad. "Analisis penarikan pasukan Amerika Serikat dari Afghanistan pada tahun 2021." (2022).
Zulian, I. (2020). Analisis pengaruh islamophobia terhadap kebijakan luar negeri amerika serikat di pemerintahan donald trump. Jurnal PIR : Power in International Relations, 3(2), 140.
Published
2025-06-30
How to Cite
Devara, A. F., Subagyo, A., & Akbar, T. H. (2025). KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP AFGHANISTAN DI BAWAH KEPEMIMPINAN DONALD TRUMP 2017-2021, 1(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/gij.v1i3.3310
Section
Articles
