INTERVENSI HOLY SEE ATAS KASUS PELECEHAN DAN KEKERASAN ANAK DI KEUSKUPAN BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, MELALUI UNITED NATIONS CONVENTIONS ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (UNCRC) TAHUN 2018-2023
Keywords:
Holy See, hak anak, UNCRC, pelecehan seksual anak.
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana status ganda Holy See sebagai negara berdaulat dan entitas keagamaan memengaruhi tanggung jawabnya dalam kasus kekerasan dan pelecehan seksual terhadap anak di bawah kerangka United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan kerangka norm resistance serta konsep norm antipreneurs, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa Holy See secara aktif menolak pemaksaan norma akuntabilitas internasional, khususnya dalam kasus pelecehan seksual anak di Keuskupan Agung Baltimore. Analisis dilakukan terhadap dokumen sekunder seperti laporan investigasi, pernyataan resmi, dan tanggapan institusional. Analisis dilakukan terhadap dokumen sekunder seperti laporan investigasi, pernyataan resmi, dan tanggapan institusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Holy See tidak mengikuti norma internasional secara penuh, melainkan memanfaatkan status diplomatik dan otoritas moralnya untuk mempertahankan otonomi internal dan menunda pertanggungjawaban. Strategi penolakan ini tidak hanya menghambat perlindungan hak anak, tetapi juga memperlihatkan tantangan bagi efektivitas sistem hak asasi manusia internasional dalam menghadapi aktor yang memiliki legitimasi moral dan politik.
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Committee on the Rights of the Child. “Committee on the Rights of the Child Concluding Observations on The Second Periodic Report of the Holy See.” International Legal Materials 53, no. 3 (2014): 580–96. https://doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.53.3.0580.
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Skene, Lea, Brian Witte, and Sarah Brumfield. “Report Details ‘Staggering’ Church Sex Abuse in Maryland.” AP News, April 6, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-archdiocese-sex-abuse-report-7d5d3af098da59a1c9313a246566638c.
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———. “Instruction on the Manner of Proceedings in Causes Invloving the Crime of Solicitations.” Vatican Polyglot Press, 1962. https://www.vatican.va/resources/resources_crimen-sollicitationis-1962_en.html.
Visioli, Matteo. 2020. “Confidentiality and the Pontifical Secret.” Original version in italian: Periodica 109(May 2010): 447–91.
Witte, Brian. “Maryland’s Highest Court Upholds Ending Statute of Limitations on Child Sex Abuse Lawsuits.” Associated Press, February 4, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/church-sex-abuse-children-maryland-fbe6790fad5e8ccd53dd2ecfba228aff.
Worster, William Thomas. “The Human Rights Obligations of the Holy See under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 31, no. 351 (2019): 351–423. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3470010.
Winfield, Nicole, and Associated Press. “Pope OKs Probe into U.S. Bishop over Sex Harassment Claims.” PBS News, September 13, 2018. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/pope-oks-probe-into-u-s-bishop-over-sex-harassment-claims.
Zorzi, William F. “After Years of Investigation and Heartbreak, Report Detailing ‘Horrendous’ Allegations against Clergy Is Released.” Maryland Matters, April 6, 2023. https://marylandmatters.org/2023/04/06/after-years-of-investigation-and-heartbreak-report-detailing-horrendous-allegations-against-clergy-is-released/.
Archdiocese of Baltimore. “Archdiocese of Baltimore: Our History.” Archdiocese of Baltimore, 2023. https://www.archbalt.org/the-archdiocese/our-history/#:~:text=The Archdiocese of Baltimore was,a Catholic population of 486%2C607.
Bloomfield, Alan. “Norm Antipreneurs and Theorising Resistance to Normative Change.” Review of International Studies 42, no. 2 (2015): 310–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021051500025X.
Caspani, Maria. “Alleged U.S. Sex Abuse Victims Sue Vatican over Secrecy Policy.” Reuters, December 18, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/alleged-us-sex-abuse-victims-sue-vatican-over-secrecy-policy-idUSKBN1YL263/.
CBS Baltimore Staff. “Read the Full Redacted Report on Sex Abuse in Baltimore Archdiocese Released by AG’s Office.” CBS News, April 5, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/read-the-full-redacted-report-sex-abuse-baltimore-archdiocese-church-wjz/.
Child Welfare Information Gateway. “Clergy as Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse and Neglect.” Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2023. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/clergymandated.pdf.
Committee on the Rights of the Child. “Committee on the Rights of the Child Concluding Observations on The Second Periodic Report of the Holy See.” International Legal Materials 53, no. 3 (2014): 580–96. https://doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.53.3.0580.
Danisi, Carmelo, Tomas Caprara, and University of Bologna. “The UNCRC and The Holy See: How Issues of Statehood, Attribution, and Immunity Constrain Children’s Rights.” Amicus Curiae 5, no. 3 (2024): 493–510. https://doi.org/10.14296/ac.v5i3.5708.
Doyle, Thomas, O.P., and J.C.D. “The 1962 Vatican Instruction “Crimen Sollicitationis," Promulgated on March 16, 1962,” 2008.
DW. “US Catholic Abuse Victims to Sue Vatican.” DW, May 14, 2019. https://www.dw.com/en/us-catholic-abuse-victims-to-sue-vatican/a-48726281.
Hidalgo, Gabriela. “Recurring Cardinal Sins: How the Holy See and Canon Law Have Perpetuated Child Sexual Abuse.” Children’s Legal Rights Journal 39, no. 2 (2019). https://lawecommons.luc.edu/clrj/vol39/iss2/4.
Human Rights Council. “Written Statement Submitted by National Secular Society, a Non-Governmental Organization in Special Consultative Status.” United Nations General Assembly, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300012881.
Krebs, T. “Church Structures That Facilitate Pedophilia among Roman Catholic Clergy.” In Wolves within the Folds: Religious Leadership and Abuses of Power, edited by Allen Shupe, 15–32. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
Maniscalco, F. “Media Reports on the Sexual Abuse Crisis in the Catholic Church.” Washington, 2005.
Maryland Attorney General. “Redacted Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore.” Baltimore, Maryland, 2023.
Muth, Chaz. “Abuse Case Against Vatican Can Go Forward.” National Catholic Reporter, December 1, 2008. https://www.ncronline.org/news/abuse-case-against-vatican-can-go-forward.
Ostberg, R. “Holy See.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18356/9789213585009c194.
Pope Francis. “Apostolic Letter Issued Motu Proprio by the Supreme Pontiff Francis ‘Vos Estis Lox Mundi.’” Vatican News, 2019. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/papa-francesco-motu-proprio-20190507_vos-estis-lux-mundi.html.
———. “Letter of His Holiness Pope Francis to the People of God.” Vatican, 2018. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2018/documents/papa-francesco_20180820_lettera-popolo-didio.html.
———. “Letter Sent by the Holy Father to the Bishops of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.” Vatican, 2019. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2019/documents/papa-francesco_20190101_lettera-vescovi-usa.html.
———. “Meeting on the Protection of Minors in the Church - Address of His Holiness Pope Francis at the End of the Eucharistic Concelebration.” Sala Regia: Dicastero per la Comunicazione - Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2019. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2019/february/documents/papa-francesco_20190224_incontro-protezioneminori-chiusura.html.
Skene, Lea, Brian Witte, and Sarah Brumfield. “Report Details ‘Staggering’ Church Sex Abuse in Maryland.” AP News, April 6, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-archdiocese-sex-abuse-report-7d5d3af098da59a1c9313a246566638c.
Vatican City (Holy See). “Circular Letter to Assist Episcopal Conferences in Developing Guidelines for Dealing with Cases of Sexual Abuse of Minors.” Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2011. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20110503_abuso-minori_en.html.
———. “Instruction on the Manner of Proceedings in Causes Invloving the Crime of Solicitations.” Vatican Polyglot Press, 1962. https://www.vatican.va/resources/resources_crimen-sollicitationis-1962_en.html.
Visioli, Matteo. 2020. “Confidentiality and the Pontifical Secret.” Original version in italian: Periodica 109(May 2010): 447–91.
Witte, Brian. “Maryland’s Highest Court Upholds Ending Statute of Limitations on Child Sex Abuse Lawsuits.” Associated Press, February 4, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/church-sex-abuse-children-maryland-fbe6790fad5e8ccd53dd2ecfba228aff.
Worster, William Thomas. “The Human Rights Obligations of the Holy See under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 31, no. 351 (2019): 351–423. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3470010.
Winfield, Nicole, and Associated Press. “Pope OKs Probe into U.S. Bishop over Sex Harassment Claims.” PBS News, September 13, 2018. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/pope-oks-probe-into-u-s-bishop-over-sex-harassment-claims.
Zorzi, William F. “After Years of Investigation and Heartbreak, Report Detailing ‘Horrendous’ Allegations against Clergy Is Released.” Maryland Matters, April 6, 2023. https://marylandmatters.org/2023/04/06/after-years-of-investigation-and-heartbreak-report-detailing-horrendous-allegations-against-clergy-is-released/.
Published
2025-10-15
How to Cite
Eriska, A., Subagyo, A., & Alamari, M. F. (2025). INTERVENSI HOLY SEE ATAS KASUS PELECEHAN DAN KEKERASAN ANAK DI KEUSKUPAN BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, MELALUI UNITED NATIONS CONVENTIONS ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (UNCRC) TAHUN 2018-2023. Global Insight Journal : Jurnal Mahasiswa Hubungan Internasional, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.36859/gij.v2i1.3557
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Articles
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