STRATEGI KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI TAIWAN DI TENGAH PERSAINGAN TEKNOLOGI SEMIKONDUKTOR AS-TIONGKOK TAHUN 2020-2024
Keywords:
Kebijakan luar negeri, Taiwan, Teknologi Semikonduktor, Persaingan AS-Tiongkok, hedging.
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji strategi kebijakan luar negeri Taiwan di tengah persaingan teknologi semikonduktor AS-Tiongkok tahun 2020 hingga 2024. Ketika kedua negara adidaya tersebut bersaing untuk mendominasi teknologi semikonduktor, Taiwan menghadapi tekanan yang signifikan untuk menetapkan posisinya, sehingga analisis terhadap strategi hedging Taiwan menjadi kajian yang penting. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan realisme neoklasik, penelitian ini berupaya untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor sistemik dan domestik yang mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan Taiwan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, termasuk analisis dokumen dan studi literatur. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi hedging Taiwan didorong oleh faktor-faktor sistemik seperti kepentingan AS terhadap Taiwan sebagai mitra strategis, pembatasan ekspor teknologi ke Tiongkok, ambisi Tiongkok dalam teknologi semikonduktor, dan tekanan militer di wilayah Selat Taiwan. Selain itu, faktor domestik juga berperan, seperti persepsi kepemimpinan Tsai Ing-wen, keraguan Taiwan terhadap AS, kekhawatiran terhadap Tiongkok, dan signifikansi TSMC sebagai leverage dalam persaingan teknologi.
References
Andrade, Tonio. How Taiwan became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han colonization in the seventeenth century. Columbia University Press, 2010.
Arif, Muhamad. “Balancing with Jokowi’s Characteristics: A Neoclassical Realism Approach to Indonesia’s Foreign and Security Policies in the South China Sea.” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 8.3 (2021): 370–390. Web. 24 Oct. 2024.
Azim, Zulfiqar. “Expanding The Horizon of Foreign Policy Analysis: A Neoclassical Realist Approach.” Pakistan Journal of International Affairs 6.2 (2023): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024.
Barkin, J. Samuel. “Constructivist and Neoclassical Realisms.” The Social Construction of State Power: Applying Realist Constructivism. Ed. J. Samuel Barkin. Bristol University Press, 2020. 47–72. Print.Feng, Huiyun. “Crisis Deferred: An Operational Code Analysis of Chinese Leaders Across the Strait.” palgrave macmillan us, 2006. 151–170. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Bown, Chad P. “How the United States Marched the Semiconductor Industry into Its Trade War with China.” SSRN Electronic Journal (2021): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751611
Bush, Richard. “Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait.” Choice Reviews Online 43.06 (2006): 43–3662. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-3662
Candra Wiranata Kusuma, Sigit, Rachel Shannon Twigivanya, and Chindy Agata Bosawer. “The United States and China Rivalry and Its Impacts on Washington And Beijing Relations With Historical Complexity Of Taiwan.” VNU Journal of Foreign Studies 39.2 (2023): 129–148. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.63023/2525-2445/jfs.ulis.4893
Cerioli, Luíza. “Neoclassical Realism, Global International Relations, and the Unheard Echoes of Realist Practices from the South.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (2024): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481241230858
Chen Shou. “Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms.” Taipei: Dingwen Printing, 1977.
Chen, Anthony W., Jim Chen, and V. Reddy Dondeti. "The US-China trade war: dominance of trade or technology?." Applied Economics Letters 27.11 (2020): 904-909.
Chen, Anthony W., Jim Chen, and V. Reddy Dondeti. "The US-China trade war: dominance of trade or technology?." Applied Economics Letters 27.11 (2020): 904-909.
Chen, David. “Rethinking Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class: China, the United States, and Twenty-First Century Imperialist Rivalry.” Science & Society 85.1 (2021): 82–110. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2021.85.1.82
Chen, Lung-chu. "Taiwan and the United Nations: Historical and Policy Perspectives." (2007).
Chen, Wei-chun. "The early occupation of Taiwan." Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology (2017): 277-291.
Chiang, Min-Hua. "Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company: A Key Chip in the Global Political Economy." East Asian Policy 15.01 (2023): 36-46.
China Gives Chipmakers Easier Subsidy Access to Help Guide Industry Recovery - Ft | Reuters, www.reuters.com/world/china/china-gives-chipmakers-easier-subsidy-access-help-guide-industry-recovery-ft-2023-03-21/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2024.
Ching, Leo. “Becoming ‘Japanese’: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation.” Choice Reviews Online, vol. 39, no. 05, Jan. 2002, pp. 39–2949, https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-2949.
Chiou, C. L. "Politics of Alienation and Polarization: Taiwan's Tangwai in the 1980s." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 18.3 (1986): 16-28.
Chiu, Kuei-Fen. "Violence and indigenous visual history: Interventional historiography in Seediq Bale and Wushe, Chuanzhong Island." Taiwan Cinema. Routledge, 2017. 146-158.
Copper, John F. “Accounting for the Recent Uptick in US–Taiwan Relations.” East Asian Policy 11.04 (2019): 74–87. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000382
Coy, Peter. "To Become a World-Class Chipmaker, the United States Might Need Help." The New York Times (Digital Edition) (2023): NA-NA.
Cunningham, Michael. The American Case for Taiwan. No. 280. Heritage Foundation Special Report, 2024.
Darwis, Darwis, and Bama Andika Putra. “The Decline of Indonesia’s Leadership Role in ASEAN: Systemic and Domestic Constraints of Jokowi’s Foreign Policy Alterations.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2022, p. 115, https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0010.
Doubleday, Justin. "Washington wrestles with strategy to boost computer chip production." Inside the Army 33.14 (2021): 1-12.
Durham, N. C. "The Battle for Chips Semiconductors Crucial Role in AI Development and its Implications for US-China Strategic Competition."
El-Dessouki, Ayman, and Ola Rafik Mansour. “Small States and Strategic Hedging: The United Arab Emirates’ Policy towards Iran.” Review of Economics and Political Science, vol. 8, no. 5, Feb. 2020, pp. 394–407, https://doi.org/10.1108/reps-09-2019-0124.
Feng, Huiyun. “Crisis Deferred: An Operational Code Analysis of Chinese Leaders Across the Strait.” Palgrave Macmillan us, 2006. 151–170. Web. 3 Sept. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403983497_7
Firsanadewi, Inneke, and Karina Utami Dewi. “Strategi Pemerintahan Xi Jinping Terhadap Taiwan Dalam Mengamankan Kedaulatan Tiongkok.” Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 7.2 (2018): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.72136
Fuping, Ge. "France and the First Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895." Social Sciences in China 36.4 (2015): 138-163.
Gonçalves Rodrigues, Clóves, et al. “Global Market Overview of Semiconductor Industry.” Revista Gestão e Conhecimento, vol. 16, no. 1, Sept. 2022, pp. 490–97, https://doi.org/10.55908/rgcv16n1-028.
Gvalia, Giorgi, Bidzina Lebanidze, and David S Siroky. “Neoclassical Realism and Small States: Systemic Constraints and Domestic Filters in Georgia’s Foreign Policy.” East European Politics 35.1 (2019): 21–51. Web. 24 Oct. 2024.
Harris, Lane J. "The Sino-French War, 1884–1885." The Peking Gazette. Brill, 2018. 238-252.
Hing, Lo Shiu. "Liberalization And Democratization in Taiwan." Democratization in Southeast and East Asia 76 (1997): 215.
Ho, Samuel Pao-San. “Agricultural Transformation Under Colonialism: The Case of Taiwan.” The Journal of Economic History, vol. 28, no. 3, Sept. 1968, pp. 313–40, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700073095.
Iqbal, Haroon, and Israr Ahmad. “The New Cold War: Sino-US Rivalry in the South China Sea and Repercussions on the Region.” Journal of Social Sciences Review 3.1 (2023): 413–421. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.175
Jagiellonian, and Michał Lubina. “Looking for a Third Way. Tsai Ing-Wen and the Taiwanese Nation-Building.” Polish Political Science Yearbook 01.2 (2024): 79–92. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202430
Kaimova, A S, and I E Denisov. “Status of Taiwan and the Evolution of Taiwanese Identity.” Comparative Politics Russia 13.1–2 (2023): 116–138. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2022-1-2-13-116-138
Kassab, Hanna Samir. “The Global South and the Neoempires of the United States and China.” springer, 2017. 111–139. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Kastner, Scott L. “Is the Taiwan Strait Still a Flash Point? Rethinking the Prospects for Armed Conflict between China and Taiwan.” International Security, vol. 40, no. 3, Jan. 2016, pp. 54–92, https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00227.
Khan, Saif M. "US Semiconductor Exports to China: Current Policies and Trends." Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology, October (2020).
Klingler-Vidra, Robyn, and Yu Ching Kuo. “Brexit, Supply Chains and the Contest for Supremacy: The Case of Taiwan and the Semiconductor Industry.” springer singapore, 2021. 183–203. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Klingler-Vidra, Robyn, and Yu Ching Kuo. Brexit, Supply Chains and the Contest for Supremacy: The Case of Taiwan and the Semiconductor Industry. springer singapore, 2021, pp. 183–203, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9841-8_8.
Ko, Albert Min-Shan, et al. “Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan.” The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 94, no. 3, Mar. 2014, pp. 426–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003.
Korinteli, Dachi. “Neoclassical Realism and Armenia’s International Orientation: An Attempt to Determine Patterns or Mechanisms of Their Application?” Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 3.1(7) (2024): 70–86. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.46991/jops/2024.3.7.070
Kumar, Sameer, and Nicole Krenner. “Review of the Semiconductor Industry and Technology Roadmap.” Journal of Science Education and Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, Jan. 2002, pp. 229–36, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016068401942.
Kuo, Ming-hsing. THE VALUE CREATION IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN: THE CASE OF TSMC. Diss. Waseda University, 2023.
Latief, Mohammad Nurdin Al, et al. “Chip Diplomacy: Chip War Taiwan, People’s Republic China and United States and Its Implications for Indonesia.” Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, Apr. 2024, pp. 1067–88, https://doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v3i3.8279.
Levchenko, A V. “Neoclassical Realism in International Relations Theory: Searching for Its Own Path.” Lomonosov World Politics Journal 15.4 (2024): 84–106. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-4-84-106
Li, Gong. "Tension across the Taiwan Strait in the 1950s Chinese Strategy and Tactics." Re-examining the Cold War: US-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973. Harvard University Asia Center, 2001.
Lian Deng, Ben. “US Taiwan Policy during the George W. Bush Administration (2001-2009).” Revista Neiba, Cadernos Argentina Brasil 7.1 (2019): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.12957/neiba.2018.38756
Liao, Ping-Hui, and David Der-Wei Wang. Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895-1945. columbia university, 2006, https://doi.org/10.7312/liao13798.
Lingkai, Kong et al. “The Fleeting Possibility of Merging the World’s Largest Chip Manufacturer in 2017: The Pain of Chinese Chip Industry.” American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation 1.3 (2022): 24–35. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v1i3.561
Liu, John, et al. “Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen Balances China and U.S.” The New York Times, 3 Apr. 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/04/02/world/asia/taiwan-president-tsai-ing-wen.html.
Liu, Kerry. "Chinese manufacturing in the shadow of the China–US trade war." Economic Affairs 38.3 (2018): 307-324.
Lobell, Steven E, Norrin M Ripsman, and Jeffrey W Taliaferro. Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. N.p., 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2024.
Luo, Yadong, and Ari Van Assche. "The rise of techno-geopolitical uncertainty: Implications of the United States CHIPS and Science Act." Journal of international business studies 54.8 (2023): 1423-1440.
Madoka, Fukuda. “The Xi Jinping Regime’s Maneuvering against Taiwan: Characteristics and Prospects.” Asia-Pacific Review 29.2 (2022): 79–101. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2022.2105523
Mark, Jeremy, and Dexter Tiff Roberts. "United States–China Semiconductor Standoff: A Supply Chain under Stress." Atlantic Council 23 (2023).
Miller, Chris. "Foundational Chips: China’s Ambitions and Implications for the US Manufacturing Base." (2024).
Miller, Chris. Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Little, Brown and Company, 2021.
Mohammad, Wassen, Adel Elomri, and Laoucine Kerbache. "The global semiconductor chip shortage: Causes, implications, and potential remedies." IFAC-PapersOnLine 55.10 (2022): 476-483.
Momoko, Kawakami. "Taiwan’s TSMC as a focal point of US-China high-tech conflict." Asia-Pacific Review 29.1 (2022): 5-12.
Morris, P R. A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. institution of engineering technology, 1990. Web. 11 Oct. 2024.
Nagy, Stephen Robert. “Taiwan’s Pivotal Role in Supply Chains in the Indo-Pacific: Protecting a Global Public Good.” ResearchGate, Feb. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/378655071_Taiwan%27s_Pivotal_Role_in_Supply_Chains_in_the_Indo-Pacific_Protecting_a_Global_Public_Good
Narizny, Kevin. “On Systemic Paradigms and Domestic Politics: A Critique of the Newest Realism.” International Security 42.2 (2017): 155–190. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00296
Ong, Russel, and Argo Victoria Ong. “Political Relation Between Taiwan and China After the Selected of The New President.” Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 5.3 (2018): 352. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.26532/jph.v5i3.3757
Patel, Prachi. "Building a US Semiconductor Workforce: CHIPS Act-Funded New Fabs are Spawning University Programs." IEEE Spectrum 60.6 (2023): 28-35.
Peters, Michael A. "Semiconductors, geopolitics and technological rivalry: the US CHIPS & Science Act, 2022." Educational Philosophy and Theory 55.14 (2023): 1642-1646.
Phillips, Steven E. Between assimilation and independence: the Taiwanese encounter nationalist China, 1945-1950. Stanford University Press, 2003.
Po, Ronald C. “Mapping Maritime Power and Control: A Study of the Late Eighteenth Century Qisheng Yanhai Tu (A Coastal Map of the Seven Provinces).” Late Imperial China, vol. 37, no. 2, Jan. 2016, pp. 93–136, https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2016.0012.
Prakoso, Septyanto et al. “Contemporary Cross-Strait Relations: A Glance at The Past and The New Rising National Identity.” Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan 10.1 (2019): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v10i1.2595.g2182
Purohit, Praveer Ashok. "Chip Wars: The Struggle for Semiconductors Supremacy." Air Power Journal 19.2 (2024): 21-42.
Qiu, Zekun, et al. “Development Trends and Prospects of Semiconductor Devices and Technology.” Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 81, Jan. 2024, pp. 374–80, https://doi.org/10.54097/jc4btz06.
Quinn, Adam. “Kenneth Waltz, Adam Smith and the Limits of Science: Hard Choices for Neoclassical Realism.” International Politics 50.2 (2013): 159–182. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2013.5
Raheel, Muhammad. "Understanding the US-China Clashes over Taiwan and the Battle for Chip Technology." (2024).
Ramani, Vinay, Debabrata Ghosh, and ManMohan S. Sodhi. "Understanding systemic disruption from the Covid-19-induced semiconductor shortage for the auto industry." Omega 113 (2022): 102720.
Rawski, Evelyn. “The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions.” Choice Reviews Online, vol. 36, no. 09, May 1999, pp. 36–5238, https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.36-5238.
Romberg, Alan D. "Tsai Ing-wen Takes Office: A New Era in Cross-Strait Relations." China Leadership Monitor, no. 50, 2016, pp. 1-13.
Rose, Gideon. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.” World Politics 51.1 1998: 144–172. Web.
Rubinstein, Murray A. "The evolution of Taiwan's economic miracle 1945-2000: Personal accounts and political narratives." Technology Transfer Between the US, China and Taiwan. Routledge, 2013. 25-46.
Schreer, Benjamin. “The Double‐Edged Sword of Coercion: Cross‐Strait Relations After the 2016 Taiwan Elections.” Asian Politics & Policy 9.1 (2017): 50–65. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12290
Selyanin, Yaroslav V. “U.S.-China Competition for Taiwan: Chips and War.” USA & Canada Economics – Politics – Culture 6 (2023): 67–81. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.31857/s2686673023060056
Sharma, Arnav, and Manya Gupta. “Article: Friendshoring and Reshoring Semiconductor Supply Chains: US CHIPS Act and the Multilateral Trading System.” Global Trade and Customs Journal, vol. 19, no. Issue 3, Mar. 2024, pp. 160–71, https://doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2024029.
Shattuck, Thomas J. “Stuck in the Middle: Taiwan’s Semiconductor Industry, the U.S.-China Tech Fight, and Cross-Strait Stability.” Orbis, vol. 65, no. 1, Dec. 2020, pp. 101–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2020.11.005.
Shattuck, Thomas J. “The Race to Zero: China’s Poaching of Taiwan’s Diplomatic Allies.” Orbis 64.2 (2020): 334–352. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.003
Sheng, Edmund Li. “Differing Values and Perceptions of International Leaders.” springer nature singapore, 2023. 97–126. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Tankersley, Jim, and Keith Bradsher. "Trump hits China with tariffs on $200 billion in goods, escalating trade war." The New York Times 17 (2018).
Templeman, Kharis. “How Taiwan Stands Up to China.” Journal of Democracy 31.3 (2020): 85–99. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0047
The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time. harvard university asia center, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1163/9781684173983.
Trapara, Vladimir. “Neoclassical Realism: Realism for the 21st Century.” International problems 69.2–3 (2017): 227–246. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2298/medjp1703227t
Vandaveer, Walter R et al. “Recent Developments in ElectRThemical Detection for Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis.” ELECTROPHORESIS 25.21–22 (2004): 3528–3549. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200406115
Wang, Junhua et al. “Microchip ElectRThromatography: The Latest Developments and Applications.” Chinese Journal of Chromatography 28.3 (2010): 264–272. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00264
Wang, Yiao. “The Impact of External Events on the Industry: Taking the Pharmaceutical and Chip Industries as Examples.” Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 24 (2024): 2358–2369. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.54097/c97wt532
Wilmshurst, David. "Hong Kong during the Sino-French War (1884-85): impressions of a French naval officer." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 50 (2010): 141-163.
Wilz, John Edward, Allan R Millett, and Peter Maslowski. “For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America.” The American Historical Review 93.2 (1988): 489. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2307/1860053
Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert. Tsai Ing-wen: The President Who Reset Taiwan’s Relationship With China. 18 May 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceklk794102o.
Wu, (Clark) Aoqi. “To Reassure Taiwan and Deter China, the United States Should Learn from History.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 79.2 (2023): 72–79. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2178174
Xiying, Zuo. “Unbalanced Deterrence: Coercive Threat, Reassurance and the US-China Rivalry in Taiwan Strait.” The Pacific Review 34.4 (2019): 547–576. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1697353
Yi-Chen Cheng “Evolution of Taiwan’s Foreign Policy Trajectory.” Institute of Political Science, Department of International Relation. Charles University. 2020.
Yönt, Şeymanur. “Taiwan’s chip dilemma: navigating the threat of invasion and the strain of diversification.” TRT World Research Centre, 31 Oct. 2024, researchcentre.trtworld.com/featured/taiwans-chip-dilemma-navigating-the-threat-of-invasion-and-the-strain-of-diversification.
Zhang, Liping. "The effect of the ongoing China-US trade war on Huawei, evidence from 2021 financial report." (2021).
Zhang, Yongli, and Xianduo Zhu. "Analysis of the global trade network of the chip industry chain: Does the US-China tech war matter?." Heliyon 9.6 (2023).
Arif, Muhamad. “Balancing with Jokowi’s Characteristics: A Neoclassical Realism Approach to Indonesia’s Foreign and Security Policies in the South China Sea.” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 8.3 (2021): 370–390. Web. 24 Oct. 2024.
Azim, Zulfiqar. “Expanding The Horizon of Foreign Policy Analysis: A Neoclassical Realist Approach.” Pakistan Journal of International Affairs 6.2 (2023): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024.
Barkin, J. Samuel. “Constructivist and Neoclassical Realisms.” The Social Construction of State Power: Applying Realist Constructivism. Ed. J. Samuel Barkin. Bristol University Press, 2020. 47–72. Print.Feng, Huiyun. “Crisis Deferred: An Operational Code Analysis of Chinese Leaders Across the Strait.” palgrave macmillan us, 2006. 151–170. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Bown, Chad P. “How the United States Marched the Semiconductor Industry into Its Trade War with China.” SSRN Electronic Journal (2021): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751611
Bush, Richard. “Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait.” Choice Reviews Online 43.06 (2006): 43–3662. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-3662
Candra Wiranata Kusuma, Sigit, Rachel Shannon Twigivanya, and Chindy Agata Bosawer. “The United States and China Rivalry and Its Impacts on Washington And Beijing Relations With Historical Complexity Of Taiwan.” VNU Journal of Foreign Studies 39.2 (2023): 129–148. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.63023/2525-2445/jfs.ulis.4893
Cerioli, Luíza. “Neoclassical Realism, Global International Relations, and the Unheard Echoes of Realist Practices from the South.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (2024): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481241230858
Chen Shou. “Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms.” Taipei: Dingwen Printing, 1977.
Chen, Anthony W., Jim Chen, and V. Reddy Dondeti. "The US-China trade war: dominance of trade or technology?." Applied Economics Letters 27.11 (2020): 904-909.
Chen, Anthony W., Jim Chen, and V. Reddy Dondeti. "The US-China trade war: dominance of trade or technology?." Applied Economics Letters 27.11 (2020): 904-909.
Chen, David. “Rethinking Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class: China, the United States, and Twenty-First Century Imperialist Rivalry.” Science & Society 85.1 (2021): 82–110. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2021.85.1.82
Chen, Lung-chu. "Taiwan and the United Nations: Historical and Policy Perspectives." (2007).
Chen, Wei-chun. "The early occupation of Taiwan." Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology (2017): 277-291.
Chiang, Min-Hua. "Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company: A Key Chip in the Global Political Economy." East Asian Policy 15.01 (2023): 36-46.
China Gives Chipmakers Easier Subsidy Access to Help Guide Industry Recovery - Ft | Reuters, www.reuters.com/world/china/china-gives-chipmakers-easier-subsidy-access-help-guide-industry-recovery-ft-2023-03-21/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2024.
Ching, Leo. “Becoming ‘Japanese’: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation.” Choice Reviews Online, vol. 39, no. 05, Jan. 2002, pp. 39–2949, https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-2949.
Chiou, C. L. "Politics of Alienation and Polarization: Taiwan's Tangwai in the 1980s." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 18.3 (1986): 16-28.
Chiu, Kuei-Fen. "Violence and indigenous visual history: Interventional historiography in Seediq Bale and Wushe, Chuanzhong Island." Taiwan Cinema. Routledge, 2017. 146-158.
Copper, John F. “Accounting for the Recent Uptick in US–Taiwan Relations.” East Asian Policy 11.04 (2019): 74–87. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000382
Coy, Peter. "To Become a World-Class Chipmaker, the United States Might Need Help." The New York Times (Digital Edition) (2023): NA-NA.
Cunningham, Michael. The American Case for Taiwan. No. 280. Heritage Foundation Special Report, 2024.
Darwis, Darwis, and Bama Andika Putra. “The Decline of Indonesia’s Leadership Role in ASEAN: Systemic and Domestic Constraints of Jokowi’s Foreign Policy Alterations.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2022, p. 115, https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0010.
Doubleday, Justin. "Washington wrestles with strategy to boost computer chip production." Inside the Army 33.14 (2021): 1-12.
Durham, N. C. "The Battle for Chips Semiconductors Crucial Role in AI Development and its Implications for US-China Strategic Competition."
El-Dessouki, Ayman, and Ola Rafik Mansour. “Small States and Strategic Hedging: The United Arab Emirates’ Policy towards Iran.” Review of Economics and Political Science, vol. 8, no. 5, Feb. 2020, pp. 394–407, https://doi.org/10.1108/reps-09-2019-0124.
Feng, Huiyun. “Crisis Deferred: An Operational Code Analysis of Chinese Leaders Across the Strait.” Palgrave Macmillan us, 2006. 151–170. Web. 3 Sept. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403983497_7
Firsanadewi, Inneke, and Karina Utami Dewi. “Strategi Pemerintahan Xi Jinping Terhadap Taiwan Dalam Mengamankan Kedaulatan Tiongkok.” Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 7.2 (2018): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.72136
Fuping, Ge. "France and the First Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895." Social Sciences in China 36.4 (2015): 138-163.
Gonçalves Rodrigues, Clóves, et al. “Global Market Overview of Semiconductor Industry.” Revista Gestão e Conhecimento, vol. 16, no. 1, Sept. 2022, pp. 490–97, https://doi.org/10.55908/rgcv16n1-028.
Gvalia, Giorgi, Bidzina Lebanidze, and David S Siroky. “Neoclassical Realism and Small States: Systemic Constraints and Domestic Filters in Georgia’s Foreign Policy.” East European Politics 35.1 (2019): 21–51. Web. 24 Oct. 2024.
Harris, Lane J. "The Sino-French War, 1884–1885." The Peking Gazette. Brill, 2018. 238-252.
Hing, Lo Shiu. "Liberalization And Democratization in Taiwan." Democratization in Southeast and East Asia 76 (1997): 215.
Ho, Samuel Pao-San. “Agricultural Transformation Under Colonialism: The Case of Taiwan.” The Journal of Economic History, vol. 28, no. 3, Sept. 1968, pp. 313–40, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700073095.
Iqbal, Haroon, and Israr Ahmad. “The New Cold War: Sino-US Rivalry in the South China Sea and Repercussions on the Region.” Journal of Social Sciences Review 3.1 (2023): 413–421. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.175
Jagiellonian, and Michał Lubina. “Looking for a Third Way. Tsai Ing-Wen and the Taiwanese Nation-Building.” Polish Political Science Yearbook 01.2 (2024): 79–92. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202430
Kaimova, A S, and I E Denisov. “Status of Taiwan and the Evolution of Taiwanese Identity.” Comparative Politics Russia 13.1–2 (2023): 116–138. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2022-1-2-13-116-138
Kassab, Hanna Samir. “The Global South and the Neoempires of the United States and China.” springer, 2017. 111–139. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Kastner, Scott L. “Is the Taiwan Strait Still a Flash Point? Rethinking the Prospects for Armed Conflict between China and Taiwan.” International Security, vol. 40, no. 3, Jan. 2016, pp. 54–92, https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00227.
Khan, Saif M. "US Semiconductor Exports to China: Current Policies and Trends." Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology, October (2020).
Klingler-Vidra, Robyn, and Yu Ching Kuo. “Brexit, Supply Chains and the Contest for Supremacy: The Case of Taiwan and the Semiconductor Industry.” springer singapore, 2021. 183–203. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Klingler-Vidra, Robyn, and Yu Ching Kuo. Brexit, Supply Chains and the Contest for Supremacy: The Case of Taiwan and the Semiconductor Industry. springer singapore, 2021, pp. 183–203, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9841-8_8.
Ko, Albert Min-Shan, et al. “Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan.” The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 94, no. 3, Mar. 2014, pp. 426–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003.
Korinteli, Dachi. “Neoclassical Realism and Armenia’s International Orientation: An Attempt to Determine Patterns or Mechanisms of Their Application?” Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 3.1(7) (2024): 70–86. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.46991/jops/2024.3.7.070
Kumar, Sameer, and Nicole Krenner. “Review of the Semiconductor Industry and Technology Roadmap.” Journal of Science Education and Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, Jan. 2002, pp. 229–36, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016068401942.
Kuo, Ming-hsing. THE VALUE CREATION IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN: THE CASE OF TSMC. Diss. Waseda University, 2023.
Latief, Mohammad Nurdin Al, et al. “Chip Diplomacy: Chip War Taiwan, People’s Republic China and United States and Its Implications for Indonesia.” Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, Apr. 2024, pp. 1067–88, https://doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v3i3.8279.
Levchenko, A V. “Neoclassical Realism in International Relations Theory: Searching for Its Own Path.” Lomonosov World Politics Journal 15.4 (2024): 84–106. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-4-84-106
Li, Gong. "Tension across the Taiwan Strait in the 1950s Chinese Strategy and Tactics." Re-examining the Cold War: US-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973. Harvard University Asia Center, 2001.
Lian Deng, Ben. “US Taiwan Policy during the George W. Bush Administration (2001-2009).” Revista Neiba, Cadernos Argentina Brasil 7.1 (2019): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.12957/neiba.2018.38756
Liao, Ping-Hui, and David Der-Wei Wang. Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895-1945. columbia university, 2006, https://doi.org/10.7312/liao13798.
Lingkai, Kong et al. “The Fleeting Possibility of Merging the World’s Largest Chip Manufacturer in 2017: The Pain of Chinese Chip Industry.” American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation 1.3 (2022): 24–35. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v1i3.561
Liu, John, et al. “Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen Balances China and U.S.” The New York Times, 3 Apr. 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/04/02/world/asia/taiwan-president-tsai-ing-wen.html.
Liu, Kerry. "Chinese manufacturing in the shadow of the China–US trade war." Economic Affairs 38.3 (2018): 307-324.
Lobell, Steven E, Norrin M Ripsman, and Jeffrey W Taliaferro. Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. N.p., 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2024.
Luo, Yadong, and Ari Van Assche. "The rise of techno-geopolitical uncertainty: Implications of the United States CHIPS and Science Act." Journal of international business studies 54.8 (2023): 1423-1440.
Madoka, Fukuda. “The Xi Jinping Regime’s Maneuvering against Taiwan: Characteristics and Prospects.” Asia-Pacific Review 29.2 (2022): 79–101. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2022.2105523
Mark, Jeremy, and Dexter Tiff Roberts. "United States–China Semiconductor Standoff: A Supply Chain under Stress." Atlantic Council 23 (2023).
Miller, Chris. "Foundational Chips: China’s Ambitions and Implications for the US Manufacturing Base." (2024).
Miller, Chris. Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Little, Brown and Company, 2021.
Mohammad, Wassen, Adel Elomri, and Laoucine Kerbache. "The global semiconductor chip shortage: Causes, implications, and potential remedies." IFAC-PapersOnLine 55.10 (2022): 476-483.
Momoko, Kawakami. "Taiwan’s TSMC as a focal point of US-China high-tech conflict." Asia-Pacific Review 29.1 (2022): 5-12.
Morris, P R. A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. institution of engineering technology, 1990. Web. 11 Oct. 2024.
Nagy, Stephen Robert. “Taiwan’s Pivotal Role in Supply Chains in the Indo-Pacific: Protecting a Global Public Good.” ResearchGate, Feb. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/378655071_Taiwan%27s_Pivotal_Role_in_Supply_Chains_in_the_Indo-Pacific_Protecting_a_Global_Public_Good
Narizny, Kevin. “On Systemic Paradigms and Domestic Politics: A Critique of the Newest Realism.” International Security 42.2 (2017): 155–190. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00296
Ong, Russel, and Argo Victoria Ong. “Political Relation Between Taiwan and China After the Selected of The New President.” Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 5.3 (2018): 352. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.26532/jph.v5i3.3757
Patel, Prachi. "Building a US Semiconductor Workforce: CHIPS Act-Funded New Fabs are Spawning University Programs." IEEE Spectrum 60.6 (2023): 28-35.
Peters, Michael A. "Semiconductors, geopolitics and technological rivalry: the US CHIPS & Science Act, 2022." Educational Philosophy and Theory 55.14 (2023): 1642-1646.
Phillips, Steven E. Between assimilation and independence: the Taiwanese encounter nationalist China, 1945-1950. Stanford University Press, 2003.
Po, Ronald C. “Mapping Maritime Power and Control: A Study of the Late Eighteenth Century Qisheng Yanhai Tu (A Coastal Map of the Seven Provinces).” Late Imperial China, vol. 37, no. 2, Jan. 2016, pp. 93–136, https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2016.0012.
Prakoso, Septyanto et al. “Contemporary Cross-Strait Relations: A Glance at The Past and The New Rising National Identity.” Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan 10.1 (2019): n. pag. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v10i1.2595.g2182
Purohit, Praveer Ashok. "Chip Wars: The Struggle for Semiconductors Supremacy." Air Power Journal 19.2 (2024): 21-42.
Qiu, Zekun, et al. “Development Trends and Prospects of Semiconductor Devices and Technology.” Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 81, Jan. 2024, pp. 374–80, https://doi.org/10.54097/jc4btz06.
Quinn, Adam. “Kenneth Waltz, Adam Smith and the Limits of Science: Hard Choices for Neoclassical Realism.” International Politics 50.2 (2013): 159–182. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2013.5
Raheel, Muhammad. "Understanding the US-China Clashes over Taiwan and the Battle for Chip Technology." (2024).
Ramani, Vinay, Debabrata Ghosh, and ManMohan S. Sodhi. "Understanding systemic disruption from the Covid-19-induced semiconductor shortage for the auto industry." Omega 113 (2022): 102720.
Rawski, Evelyn. “The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions.” Choice Reviews Online, vol. 36, no. 09, May 1999, pp. 36–5238, https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.36-5238.
Romberg, Alan D. "Tsai Ing-wen Takes Office: A New Era in Cross-Strait Relations." China Leadership Monitor, no. 50, 2016, pp. 1-13.
Rose, Gideon. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.” World Politics 51.1 1998: 144–172. Web.
Rubinstein, Murray A. "The evolution of Taiwan's economic miracle 1945-2000: Personal accounts and political narratives." Technology Transfer Between the US, China and Taiwan. Routledge, 2013. 25-46.
Schreer, Benjamin. “The Double‐Edged Sword of Coercion: Cross‐Strait Relations After the 2016 Taiwan Elections.” Asian Politics & Policy 9.1 (2017): 50–65. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12290
Selyanin, Yaroslav V. “U.S.-China Competition for Taiwan: Chips and War.” USA & Canada Economics – Politics – Culture 6 (2023): 67–81. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.31857/s2686673023060056
Sharma, Arnav, and Manya Gupta. “Article: Friendshoring and Reshoring Semiconductor Supply Chains: US CHIPS Act and the Multilateral Trading System.” Global Trade and Customs Journal, vol. 19, no. Issue 3, Mar. 2024, pp. 160–71, https://doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2024029.
Shattuck, Thomas J. “Stuck in the Middle: Taiwan’s Semiconductor Industry, the U.S.-China Tech Fight, and Cross-Strait Stability.” Orbis, vol. 65, no. 1, Dec. 2020, pp. 101–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2020.11.005.
Shattuck, Thomas J. “The Race to Zero: China’s Poaching of Taiwan’s Diplomatic Allies.” Orbis 64.2 (2020): 334–352. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.003
Sheng, Edmund Li. “Differing Values and Perceptions of International Leaders.” springer nature singapore, 2023. 97–126. Web. 3 Sept. 2024.
Tankersley, Jim, and Keith Bradsher. "Trump hits China with tariffs on $200 billion in goods, escalating trade war." The New York Times 17 (2018).
Templeman, Kharis. “How Taiwan Stands Up to China.” Journal of Democracy 31.3 (2020): 85–99. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0047
The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time. harvard university asia center, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1163/9781684173983.
Trapara, Vladimir. “Neoclassical Realism: Realism for the 21st Century.” International problems 69.2–3 (2017): 227–246. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2298/medjp1703227t
Vandaveer, Walter R et al. “Recent Developments in ElectRThemical Detection for Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis.” ELECTROPHORESIS 25.21–22 (2004): 3528–3549. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200406115
Wang, Junhua et al. “Microchip ElectRThromatography: The Latest Developments and Applications.” Chinese Journal of Chromatography 28.3 (2010): 264–272. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00264
Wang, Yiao. “The Impact of External Events on the Industry: Taking the Pharmaceutical and Chip Industries as Examples.” Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 24 (2024): 2358–2369. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.54097/c97wt532
Wilmshurst, David. "Hong Kong during the Sino-French War (1884-85): impressions of a French naval officer." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 50 (2010): 141-163.
Wilz, John Edward, Allan R Millett, and Peter Maslowski. “For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America.” The American Historical Review 93.2 (1988): 489. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2307/1860053
Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert. Tsai Ing-wen: The President Who Reset Taiwan’s Relationship With China. 18 May 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceklk794102o.
Wu, (Clark) Aoqi. “To Reassure Taiwan and Deter China, the United States Should Learn from History.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 79.2 (2023): 72–79. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2178174
Xiying, Zuo. “Unbalanced Deterrence: Coercive Threat, Reassurance and the US-China Rivalry in Taiwan Strait.” The Pacific Review 34.4 (2019): 547–576. Web. 24 Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1697353
Yi-Chen Cheng “Evolution of Taiwan’s Foreign Policy Trajectory.” Institute of Political Science, Department of International Relation. Charles University. 2020.
Yönt, Şeymanur. “Taiwan’s chip dilemma: navigating the threat of invasion and the strain of diversification.” TRT World Research Centre, 31 Oct. 2024, researchcentre.trtworld.com/featured/taiwans-chip-dilemma-navigating-the-threat-of-invasion-and-the-strain-of-diversification.
Zhang, Liping. "The effect of the ongoing China-US trade war on Huawei, evidence from 2021 financial report." (2021).
Zhang, Yongli, and Xianduo Zhu. "Analysis of the global trade network of the chip industry chain: Does the US-China tech war matter?." Heliyon 9.6 (2023).
Published
2025-06-30
How to Cite
Setiawan, M. S., Subagyo, A., & Akbar, T. H. (2025). STRATEGI KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI TAIWAN DI TENGAH PERSAINGAN TEKNOLOGI SEMIKONDUKTOR AS-TIONGKOK TAHUN 2020-2024, 1(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/gij.v1i3.3243
Section
Articles
