FAKTOR – FAKTOR PENDORONG AMERIKA SERIKAT MEMBERI DUKUNGAN MILITER TERHADAP TAIWAN DI TENGAH KEBIJAKAN ONE CHINA POLICY 2022 – 2023
Abstract
Ketegangan di Selat Taiwan masih tinggi dan menjadi salah satu isu keamanan global paling penting. Konflik ini melibatkan Amerika Serikat, Tiongkok, dan Taiwan, dan semakin memanas di tahun 2023 ketika Amerika Serikat memutuskan memberi bantuan militer sebesar $345 juta kepada Taiwan. Keputusan ini menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang sejauh mana Amerika Serikat masih memegang kebijakan “Satu Tiongkok” yang telah lama menjadi dasar kebijakan mereka.
Tujuan umum penelitian ini yaitu memberikan gambaran umum mengenai peran Amerika Serikat dalam konflik Selat Taiwan, sedangkan tujuan khusus dalam penelitian ini yaitu penelitian ini berupaya mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor-faktor krusial yang mendasari dukungan Amerika Serikat terhadap Taiwan meskipun secara hukum Amerika Serikat mengakui kebijakan “One China Policy”
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif untuk memahami masalah sosial yang terjadi di masyarakat. Pendekatan kualitatif menekankan pada penggalian mendalam terhadap fenomena sosial melalui analisis, observasi, dan interpretasi mendalam terhadap peristiwa yang terjadi. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dengan meninjau berbagai sumber literatur yang relevan.
Penelitian ini menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan Amerika Serikat dalam memberikan bantuan militer kepada Taiwan. Analisis mendalam mengungkap bahwa keputusan Amerika Serikat memberikan bantuan militer kepada Taiwan didorong oleh kombinasi faktor internal dan eksternal yang kompleks. Namun, faktor lingkungan global, terutama dinamika politik internasional yang terus berubah dan hubungan antarnegara yang rumit, menjadi faktor paling dominan. Meningkatnya ketegangan di Asia-Pasifik, khususnya terkait kebijakan ekspansionis Tiongkok, telah memicu kekhawatiran serius di kalangan pembuat kebijakan Amerika Serikat.
References
Blazevic, Jason. “The Taiwan Dilemma: China, Japan and the Strait Dynamic”. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 39(4), 143-173, internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261003900406
Campbell, Caitlin. “Taiwan: Defense and Military Issues” Congressional Research Service (7 Mei 2024), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12481
HICKEY, DENNIS V. “U.S. Policy Toward Taiwan: Time For Change?” Asian Affairs, vol. 40, no. 4, 2013, pp. 175–98. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44074531.
Hsiao, Russell. “Recent Trendlines in American Public Opinion on the Defense of
Taiwan” Global Taiwan Brief, Vol. 8 Issue 20 (1 November 2023), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://globaltaiwan.org/2023/11/recent-trendlines-in-american-public-opinion-on-the-defense-of-taiwan/
Lestari, I. D., dan Yusran. “Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat Membantu Taiwan Dalam Konflik Wilayah Dengan Tiongkok (2017–2022)”. Balcony, vol. 7, no. 2 (2023), 111-23.
Lundborg, Tom. “The Ethics of Neorealism: Waltz and the Time of International Life.” European Journal of International Relations, vol. 25, no. 1 (2018)
Matsumoto, Haruka. “The First Taiwan Strait Crisis and China’s “Border” Dispute Around Taiwan,” Eurasia Border Review, Vol.3 Special Issue (2012) 75 – 91. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/50964
Mubah, A. Safril, “Kajian Historis atas Kompleksitas Isu Taiwan dalam Hubungan China dan Amerika Serikat” Jurnal Global & Strategis, Vol. 8 No. 2 (2014) 321 - 337.
PY Huei, “THE TAIWAN STRAIT CRISES, 1954-1958: CHINA, THE UNITED STATES AND TAIWAN,” NUS Libraries (2010), internet, 1 Juli 2024. http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/20930
Susan V. Lawrence “Taiwan: Background and U.S. Relations” Congressional Research Service (23 Mei 2024), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10275
Stampfl, Billy “The US Congress and Taiwan: Measuring American Support Quantitatively and Qualitatively” Global Taiwan Brief (29 November 2023), Vol. 8 Issue 22, internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://globaltaiwan.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/GTB-11.28.23.pdf
Syahbuddin. “Eksistensi Kepentingan Global Amerika Serikat dalam Konflik Tiongkok - Taiwan”. Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, Vol. 9 No 2 (2019), 70-81.
Telhami, Shibley. “Kenneth Waltz, Neorealism, and Foreign Policy”. Security Studies, Vol. 11 No 3, 158-170 (2002)
“The Shanghai Communique, 1972.” Current History, vol. 63, no. 373, 1972, pp. 131–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45312727.
Voicu, Alexandru. “Balance of Power in Waltz's Neorealist Theory, After the Franco-Prussian War and the Unification of Germany.” SFERA POLITICII, vol. XXII, no. 1 (2014)
Buku:
Bakry, Umar Suryadi. Metode Penelitian Hubungan Internasional. (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2016)
Blackwill, Robert D., and Philip Zelikow. The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War. Council on Foreign Relations, 2021.
Eriyanto, Analisis Isi: Pengantar Metodologi untuk Penelitian Ilmu Komunikasi dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Lainnya. (Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2011)
Glaser, C. L. Rational theory of international politics: The logic of competition and cooperation. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011)
Lawrence, Susan V. Taiwan: Background and U.S. Relations. (Congressional Research Service, 2023.)
Lexy J, Meleong. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan R&D, Revisi. (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2006)
Mearsheimer, J. J. The tragedy of great power politics. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001)
Miles, M.B, A.M Huberman, and J Saldana. Qualitative Data Analysis, A Methods Sourcebook, Edition 3. (USA: Sage Publications, 2014)
Richard C. Snyder, H.W. Bruck, and Burton Sarpin. Foreign Policy Decision Making. (New York: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2002)
Sarwono, Jonathan. Pintar Menulis Karya Ilmiah: kunci sukses dalam menulis ilmiah. (Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2010)
Sugiyono. Memahami Penelitian Kulaitatif. (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2005)
Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D, (Bandung: PT Alfabet, 2016)
Waltz, K. N. Theory of international politics. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979)
Website:
60 Minutes by CBS News, “President Joe Biden: The 2022 60 Minutes Interview”, Youtube, (19 September 2022) internet, 31 Mei 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1UC89H4Swc.
Aljazeera. “US approves military aid for Taiwan under programme for sovereign states” Aljazeera News (31 Agustus 2023), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/31/us-approves-military-aid-for-taiwan-under-programme-for-sovereign-states
American Experience, “Shanghai Communiqué Issued,” Nixon’s China Game, internet 1 Juli 2024 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/china-communique/
Anthony Kunh & Emily Feng “What 3 past Taiwan Strait crises can teach us about U.S.-China tensions today” NPR News (2022), internet, 1 Juli 2024 https://www.npr.org/2022/08/02/1115234980/what-3-past-taiwan-strait-crises-can-teach-us-about-u-s-china-tensions-today
Banks, Jim. “REP. BANKS INTRODUCES TAIWAN PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH ACT” United States Congressman Jim Banks (28 Juli 2023), internet, 8 Juli 2024 https://banks.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2192
BBC News, “What is the One China' policy?” BBC News (6 Oktober 2021), internet, 1 Juli 2024 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-38285354
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Chinese Civil War”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Mei 2024, internet, 1 Juli 2024 https://www.britannica.com/event/Chinese-Civil-War.
China Power Team. “Putting Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen’s 2023 U.S. Transit in Context” China Power (Januari 2024), internet 2 Juli 2024 https://chinapower.csis.org/taiwan-president-tsai-ing-wen-transit-united-states/
China Power Team “Tracking China’s April 2023 Military Exercises around Taiwan” ChinaPower (November 2023), internet 2 Juli 2024 https://chinapower.csis.org/tracking-chinas-april-2023-military-exercises-around-taiwan/
Christiastuti, Novi. “AS Setujui Penjualan Amunisi Jet Tempur F-16 Senilai Rp 9,4 T Ke Taiwan.” Detik News, (2 Maret 2023), internet, 22 Mei 2024
Congress.Gov “H.Con.Res.88 - Reaffirming the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Assurances as cornerstones of United States-Taiwan relations,” 2015, internet, 1 Juli 2024. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/88/text
Foreign Relations Committee “Menendez, Risch, Van Hollen, Romney Laud SFRC Passage of their Taiwan Tax Agreement Act of 2023” United States Senate Committe on Foreign Relations (13 Juli 2023), internet, 8 Juli 2024 https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/dem/release/menendez-risch-van-hollen-romney-laud-sfrc-passage-of-their-taiwan-tax-agreement-act-of-2023
DEFENSE SECURITY COOPERATION AGENCY “TAIPEI ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE IN THE UNITED STATES – F-16 MUNITIONS” DEFENSE SECURITY COOPERATION AGENCY (Maret, 2023) internet, 2 Juli 2024 https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-f-16
Department of North American Affairs. “US National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 and Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan) (28 Desember 2022), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1328&s=99391
Everington, Keoni “200 US military trainers now in Taiwan” Taiwan News (April 2023), internet 2 Juli 2024 https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/4866003
Foreign Relations Committee “Menendez, Risch, Van Hollen, Romney Laud SFRC Passage of their Taiwan Tax Agreement Act of 2023” United States Senate Committe on Foreign Relations (13 Juli 2023), internet, 8 Juli 2024 https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/dem/release/menendez-risch-van-hollen-romney-laud-sfrc-passage-of-their-taiwan-tax-agreement-act-of-2023
Harris, Bryant. “Congress funds Taiwan military support as foreign aid bill stalls” Defense News (29 Maret 2024), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2024/03/28/congress-funds-taiwan-military-support-as-foreign-aid-bill-stalls/
Hwang Chun-mei & Hsia Hsiao-hwa for RFA Mandarin, “China to prosecute Taiwan pro-independence politician for ‘secession’” Radio Free Asia (25 April 2023), internet, 2 Juli 2024 https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/taiwan-arrest-04252023132212.html#:~:text=Taiwanese%20pro-democracy%20campaigner%20Yang,on%20charges%20of%20"separatism
Joel Guinto & Kelly Ng “Fucha: China reveals arrest of Taiwan-based publisher on security grounds” BBC News (26 April 2023), internet, 2 Juli 2024 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-65382653
Kafura, Craig, et al. “US Opinion Leaders Support Aid to Taiwan.” The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, (1 Agustus 2023), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/us-opinion-leaders-support-aid-taiwan.
Kedutaan Besar Republik Rakyat Tiongkok untuk Republik Indonesia. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on August 5, 2022. Kedutaan Besar Tiongkok untuk Indonesia, (5 Agustus 2022), internet 2 Juni 2024 http://id.china-embassy.gov.cn/indo/fyrth/202208/t20220805_10735987.html
Millett, Allan R. “Korean War”, Encyclopedia Britannica, (21 Mei 2024), internet, 22 Mei 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War
Mission of the People's Republic of China to the European Union. “Questions and Answers Concerning the Taiwan Question (2):What Is the One-China Principle? What Is the Basis of the One-China Principle?” Mission of the People's Republic of China to the European Union, (15 Agustus 2022), internet 22 Mei 2024
Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute. “The Taiwan Straits Crises: 1954–55 and 1958.” United States Department of State, 28 Mei, internet, 1 Juli 2024, history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/taiwan-strait-crises
Michael Klare & Jeff Abramson “U.S. Arms Sales to Taiwan” Forum on the Arms Trade, internet, 2 Juli 2024. https://www.forumarmstrade.org/ustaiwan.html
Ministry of Foreign Affairs the People's Republic of China, “Decision on taking countermeasures against the Hudson Institute, the Ronald Reagan Library and their directors” Ministry of Foreign Affairs the People's Republic of China (7 April 2023), internet, 2 Juli 2024 https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/wjb_673085/zfxxgk_674865/gknrlb/fzcqdcs/202304/t20230407_11055802.html
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson’s Statement on Tsai Ing-wen’s “Transit” Through the United States” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (6 April 2024) internet, 2 Juli 2024 https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/202304/t20230406_11054882.html
Ministry of Foreign Affairs the People's Republic of China “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press Conference on April 10, 2023” Ministry of Foreign Affairs the People's Republic of China (10 April 2024), internet 2 Juli 2024 https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202304/t20230410_11057056.html
Muhaimin. “Sistem Rudal Patriot Yang Dibeli Dari AS Gagal Lumpuhkan Target, Taiwan Bingung.” Sindo News, (17 Augustus 2023), internet 22 Mei 2024, https://international.sindonews.com/read/1177913/40/sistem-rudal-patriot-yang-dibeli-dari-as-gagal-lumpuhkan-target-taiwan-bingung 1692220118?showpage=all
Munro, André. “Taiwan Strait crises”, Encyclopedia Britannica, (9 Mei 2024), internet, 22 Mei 2023 https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiwan-Strait-crises
Ningsih, Widya L. “Sejarah Krisis Selat Taiwan Pertama”, Kompas, (21 Oktober 2023), internet, 22 Mei 2024, https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/21/080000379/sejarah-krisis-selat-taiwan-pertama?page=all
Roy, Denny. “Taiwan Strait Tensions Will Stabilize – But Only Temporarily.” The Diplomat, (13 September 2023). internet 22 Mei 2024, https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/taiwan-strait-tensions-will-stabilize-but-only-temporarily/
Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute. “The Chinese Revolution of 1949.” United States Department of State, internet, 22 Mei 2024, history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev.
Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute. “The Taiwan Straits Crises: 1954–55 and 1958.” United States Department of State, internet, 22 Mei 2024, history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/taiwan-strait-crises.
Rovner, Joshua, “AMBIGUITY IS A FACT, NOT A POLICY.” Texas National Security Review, (22 Juli 2021), internet, 2 Juni 2024 https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/ambiguity-is-a-fact-not-a-policy/
“S.1027 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): STAND with Taiwan Act of 2023.” Congress.gov, Library of Congress, (29 Maret 2023), internet, 6 Juli 2024 https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1027/text.
“S.1457 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): Taiwan Tax Agreement Act of 2023.” Congress.gov, Library of Congress, (25 Juli 2023), internet, 6 Juli 2024 https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1457.
“S.1997 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): Taiwan Peace through Strength Act of 2023.” Congress.gov, Library of Congress (14 Juni 2023), internet, 6 Juli 2024 https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1997.
Scanlan, Sean “Taiwan responds to China's trade barrier allegations” Taiwan News (12 April 2023), internet, 2 Juli 2024 https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/4862084
Shangjing, Liu “Juru Bicara Kementerian Pertahanan Nasional membuat pernyataan tentang "transit" Tsai Ing-wen ke Amerika Serikat” MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (6 April 2023) internet, 2 Juli 2024 http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/16214703.html
Strong, Matthew “Taiwan minister advises against terminating ECTA with China” Taiwan News (19 April 2023), internet, 2 Juli 2024 https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/4868653
Sullivan, Dan. “SULLIVAN, GALLAGHER REINTRODUCE S.T.A.N.D. WITH TAIWAN ACT” Press Release (29 Maret 2023), internet, 8 Juli 2024 https://www.sullivan.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sullivan-gallagher-reintroduce-stand-with-taiwan-act
Taiwan Work Office of the CPC Central Committee – Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council “Juru Bicara Kantor Urusan Taiwan dari Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Tiongkok mengeluarkan pernyataan tentang "transit" Tsai Ing-wen ke Amerika Serikat” Taiwan Work Office of the CPC Central Committee – Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council (6 April 2023) http://www.gwytb.gov.cn/xwdt/zwyw/202304/t20230406_12524131.htm
Taiwan Work Office of the CPC Central Committee – Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council, “The Ministry of Commerce responded to questions about the implementation of the Unreliable Entity List” Taiwan Work Office of the CPC Central Committee – Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council (19 April 2023), internet, 2 Juli 2024 http://www.gwytb.gov.cn/bmst/202304/t20230419_12528088.htm
The National Archives. “The Chinese Civil War - Why did the fighting between the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party happen?” UK Government Official Website, internet, 1 Juli 2024, https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-chinese-civil-war/
US – Taiwan Bussiness Council, “The United States One China Policy is NOT the Same as the PRC One China Principle” internet, 1 Juli 2024 https://www.us-taiwan.org/resources/faq-the-united-states-one-china-policy-is-not-the-same-as-the-prc-one-china-principle/
Vitello, Jacqueline Anne “U.S.-Taiwan Relations: A Study on the Taiwan Relations Act” University of Denver, internet, 1 Juli 2024 https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1946&context=etd
Xinhua, “China's top legislature issues statement on meeting between US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy, Tsai Ing-wen” THE STATE COUNCIL INFORMATION OFFICE THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (6 April. 2023), internet 2 Juli 2024 http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/pressroom/2023-04/06/content_85215049.htm
Xinhua News, “Top political advisor pledges benefits for people, enterprises from Taiwan” China.org (10 April 2023), internet 2 Juli 2024 http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/202304/10/content_85222137.htm
Yang, William “How is China trying to redefine balance of power?” Deutsche Welle News (13 Agutus 2022), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://www.dw.com/en/how-is-china-trying-to-redefine-power-balance-in-taiwan-strait/a-62779268
Yerushalmy, Jonathan “What does Taiwan get from the foreign aid bill and why is the US economy among the biggest winners?” The Guardian (April 2023), internet 2 Juli 2024 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/26/us-foreign-aid-bill-package-details
Zekun, Yang “Sanctions against diehard 'Taiwan independence' separatist, organizations announced” ChinaDaily (7 April 2023), internet 2 Juli 2024 https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202304/07/WS642f6d5ba31057c47ebb8c8a.html
Zengerle, Patricia. “Biden approves military aid to Taiwan under program normally used for sovereign states” Reuters (31 Agustus 2023), internet, 9 Juli 2024 https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-approves-military-aid-taiwan-under-program-normally-used-sovereign-states-2023-08-30/