ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI NILAI-NILAI ASEAN DALAM PERLINDUNGAN PEKERJA MIGRAN INDONESIA DI MALAYSIA
Keywords:
ASEAN, Indonesia, Malaysia, Indonesian Migrant Workers, Constructivism
Abstract
The phenomenon of millions of workers moving across national borders every year, the issue of migrant worker protection is one of the main challenges faced by ASEAN. Although ASEAN has taken a significant step by adopting the ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers in 2017. However, a number of factors have raised doubts and pessimism about the implementation and the real impact of the consensus. One of the main sources of pessimism is the legally non-binding nature of the ASEAN Consensus. In contrast to binding international legal instruments such as the ILO convention, the ASEAN Consensus is more declarative and depends on the political will of each member state to implement it. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive approach. This study aims to describe the Cebu Declaration and the 2017 ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers to the extent of the implementation of the values adopted by Indonesia and Malaysia in the case of the protection of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia. Furthermore, this study will look at the extent of the implementation of ASEAN values regarding the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia.
References
Acharya, Amitav. (2014). "Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order." Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315796238
Adler, Emanuel. 2002. "Constructivism and International Relations." In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, 95-118. London: SAGE
Ba, Alice D. (2023). "ASEAN's Identity Formation and Change." Journal of Asian Studies, 82(1), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911822001619
Bal, C. S. (2015). Production Politics and Migrant Labour Regimes: Guest Workers in Asia and the Gulf. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137461223
Bjola, Corneliu, and Markus Kornprobst. 2013. Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics. London: Routledge
Castles, S., de Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. (2014). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.macmillanihe.com/page/detail/The-Age-of-Migration/?K=9780230355767
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Chavez, Jenina Joy. "Transnational Social Movements in ASEAN Policy Advocacy: The Case of Regional Migrants' Rights Policy." Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 2015.
Ionesco, D., Mokhnacheva, D., & Gemenne, F. (2016). The Atlas of Environmental Migration. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/The-Atlas-of-Environmental-Migration/Ionesco-Mokhnacheva-Gemenne/p/book/9781138022065
Narine, Shaun. (2022). "ASEAN and Regional Security in Southeast Asia." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcac011
Satjipto Rahardjo, "Ilmu Hukum," Citra Aditya Bakti, 2014
Severino, Rodolfo C. "Southeast Asia in Search of an ASEAN Community." ISEAS Publishing, 2006. https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1160
Thompson, Kenneth W. (1960). "Political Realism and the Crisis of World Politics: An American Approach to Foreign Policy." Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691651347/
Weatherbee, Donald E. "International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy." Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
Wendt, Alexander. (1992). "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics." International Organization, 46(2), 391-425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027764
Wendt, Alexander. (1994). "Collective Identity Formation and the International State." American Political Science Review, 88(2), 384-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944711
Wendt, Alexander. (1999). "Social Theory of International Politics." Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612183
Wright, Quincy. (1942). "A Study of War." University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/wright-study-of-war
Yeoh, Brenda S.A. "Migration and Social Diversity in Singapore." Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013. https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1986
ARTIKEL JURNAL
Acharya, A. (2014). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. Routledge
Acharya, Amitav. "The Evolution and Limitations of ASEAN Identity." Project MUSE, 2017. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/666980
Adamson, F. B., & Tsourapas, G. (2020). The Migration State in the Global South: Nationalizing, Developmental, and Neoliberal Models of Migration Management. International Migration Review, 54(3), 853-882. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0197918319879057
Adler, Emanuel. (1997). "Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics." European Journal of International Relations, 3(3), 319-363
Akbar, T. H., Sari, S., & Amanita, A. (2017). Implementasi Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Wanita (Tkw) Studi Kasus: Tkw Di Malaysia. Dinamika Global. https://fisip.unjani.ac.id/e-jurnal/jurnal-hubungan-internasional/dinamika-global-vol-02-no-01/implementasi-kebijakan-pemerintah-dalam-perlindungan-tenaga-kerja-wanita-tkw-studi-kasus-tkw-di-malaysia/
Amnesty International. (2020). Malaysia: Authorities must ensure COVID-19 does not discriminate against migrant workers. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/malaysia-authorities-must-ensure-covid19-does-not-discriminate-against-migrant-workers/
Asian Development Bank Institute. "Labor Migration in Asia: Building Effective Institutions." ADBI, 2016. https://www.adb.org/publications/labor-migration-asia-building-effective-institutions
ASEAN. (2017). "ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers". https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ASEAN-Consensus-on-the-Protection-and-Promotion-of-the-Rights-of-Migrant-Workers1.pdf
Azmy, A. S. (2012). Negara dan Buruh Migran Perempuan: Kebijakan Perlindungan Buruh Migran Perempuan Indonesia Masa Pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 2004-2010. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. https://books.google.com/books?id=wK9oDwAAQBAJ
Azmy, A. S. (2022). Kebijakan Negara dalam Perlindungan Pekerja Migran (Studi Kasus: Implementasi Perlindungan Perempuan Pekerja Migran Indonesia di Malaysia dan Hong kong Pada Tahun 2014-2020.
Ba, A. D. (2009). (Re)Negotiating East and Southeast Asia: Region, Regionalism, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Stanford University Press.
Ba, Alice D. "Regional Security in East Asia: ASEAN's Value Added and Limitations." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 2010. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/saa
Bal, C. S., & Gerard, K. (2018). "ASEAN's governance of migrant worker rights". Third World Quarterly, 39(4), 799-819.
Battistella, Graziano. "Labour Migration in Asia and the Role of Bilateral Migration Agreements." The Graduate Institute Geneva, 2015. https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/292744
Bauböck, R. (2003). Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism. International Migration Review, 37(3), 700-723. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00155.x
Castles, S. (2004). Why migration policies fail. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(2), 205-227. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0141987042000177306
Chavez, J. J. (2015). Transnational Social Movements in ASEAN Policy Advocacy: The Case of Regional Migrants' Rights Policy. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. (1998). "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory." World Politics, 50(2), 324-348
Davies, M. (2013). ASEAN and Human Rights Norms: Constructivism, Rational Choice, and the Action-Identity Gap. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific
Ford, M. (2006). "After Nunukan: The Regulation of Indonesian Migration to Malaysia." https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-studies-review/article/after-nunukan-the-regulation-of-indonesian-migration-to-malaysia/
Gamlen, A. (2014). The New Migration-and-Development Pessimism. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 581-597. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309132513512544
Gerard, K. (2014). ASEAN's Engagement of Civil Society: Regulating Dissent. Palgrave Macmillan.
Harkins, Benjamin. "Review of Labour Migration Policy in Malaysia." ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2016. https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_447687
Hugo, G. (1993). "Indonesian Labour Migration to Malaysia: Trends and Policy Implications." http://www.jstor.org/stable/27908244
Hopf, Ted. (1998). "The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory." International Security, 23(1), 171-200.
Elias, J. (2013). Foreign Policy and the Domestic Worker. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 15(3), 391-410. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616742.2012.755835
Emmers, Ralf. "ASEAN's Search for Neutrality in the South China Sea." Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, 2014. http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/91891
Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink. (1998). "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change." International Organization, 52(4), 887-917
Hugo, G. (2007). Indonesia's Labor Looks Abroad. Migration Information Source. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indonesias-labor-looks-abroad
Hollifield, J. F., Martin, P. L., & Orrenius, P. M. (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective. Stanford University Press. https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23961
Jones, Lee. "ASEAN's Unchanged Melody? The Theory and Practice of Non-Interference in Southeast Asia." The Pacific Review, 2010. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09512741003624935
Jönsson, Christer, and Martin Hall. 2005. Essence of Diplomacy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Kaur, A. (2004). "Mobility, Labour Mobilisation and Border Controls: Indonesian Labour Migration to Malaysia since 1900." http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1467271042000184689
Kaur, Amarjit. "Labour Migration Trends and Policy Challenges in Southeast Asia." Policy and Society, 2010. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.09.001
Kao, Kim Hourn. "Cambodia's Integration into ASEAN: Challenges and Opportunities." Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, 1999.
Katsumata, H. (2009). ASEAN's Cooperative Security Enterprise: Norms and Interests in the ASEAN Regional Forum. Palgrave Macmillan
Kneebone, S. (2012). The Governance of Labor Migration in Southeast Asia. Pacific Affairs
.Koh, T., Manalo, R. G., & Woon, W. (Eds.). (2009). The Making of the ASEAN Charter. World Scientific Publishing.
Kratochwil, Friedrich. (2000). "Constructing a New Orthodoxy? Wendt's 'Social Theory of International Politics' and the Constructivist Challenge." Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29(1), 73-101
Lindquist, J. (2010). Labour Recruitment, Circuits of Capital and Gendered Mobility. Pacific Affairs.
Mahfud, D. M. B. A. (n.d.). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pekerja Migran Asia Tenggara
Migrant Forum in Asia. "Civil Society's Role in ASEAN Labour Migration." MFA Policy Brief, 2019.
Narine, Shaun. "ASEAN and the ARF: The Limits of the ASEAN Way." Asian Survey, 1997. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645527
Narine, S. (2002). Explaining ASEAN: Regionalism in Southeast Asia. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Nesadurai, H. E. S. (2013). ASEAN People's Forum (APF) as Authentic Social Forum: Regional Civil Society Networking for an Alternative Regionalism. Oxford Development Studies
Noor, N. M., & Shaker, M. N. (2017). "Perceived workplace discrimination, coping and psychological distress among unskilled Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876201816301745
Orbeta Jr, A. C., & Gonzales, K. G. (2013). "Managing International Labor Migration in ASEAN: Themes from a Six-Country Study". Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
Piper, N. (2015). "Democratising Migration from the Bottom Up: The Rise of the Global Migrant Rights Movement". Globalizations, 12(5), 788-802.
Platt, M. (2018). Migration, Moralities and Moratoriums: Female Labour Migrants and the Tensions of Protectionism in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 42(1), 89-106. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2017.1408571
Pouliot, Vincent. 2016. International Pecking Orders: The Politics and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Reus-Smit, Christian. 1999. The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Rüland, J. (2018). The Indonesian Way: ASEAN, Europeanization, and Foreign Policy Debates in a New Democracy. Stanford University Press.
Sending, Ole Jacob, Vincent Pouliot, and Iver B. Neumann. 2015. Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press d
Tan, S. S. (2013). Herding Cats: The Role of Persuasion in Political Change and Continuity in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). International Relations of the Asia-Pacific.
Task Force on ASEAN Migrant Workers. "Civil Society Proposal: ASEAN Framework Instrument." TFAMW, 2019. http://www.workersconnection.org/articles.php?more=70
Taufik, A. I. (2014). PERAN ASEAN DAN NEGARA ANGGOTA ASEAN TERHADAP PERLINDUNGAN PEKERJA MIGRAN. Jurnal Rechtsvinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 3(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v3i2.43
Wendt, Alexander. (2003). "Why a World State is Inevitable." European Journal of International Relations, 9(4), 491-542.
Wright, Quincy. (1955). "The Study of International Relations." Appleton-Century-Crofts. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271625529000118
INTERNET
ASEAN. "ASEAN Social Protection Framework." 2018. https://asean.org/storage/2018/12/ASEAN-Social-Protection-Framework.pdf
ASEAN. "The ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)." 1967. https://agreement.asean.org/media/download/20140117154159.pdf
ASEAN Confederation of Employers. "ACE Strategic Framework 2020-2025." ACE, 2020. http://www.aseanemployers.org/
ASEAN. "Convention on Trafficking in Persons." 2015. https://asean.org/asean-convention-on-trafficking-in-persons/
ASEAN. "ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime." 1997 https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Declaration-on-Transnational-Crime-1997.pdf
ASEAN. "Guidelines on Good Industrial Relations Practices." 2012. https://asean.org/storage/2012/05/ASEAN-Guidelines-on-Good-Industrial-Relations-Practices.pdf
ASEAN. "Guidelines for Corporate Social Responsibility on Labour." 2016. https://asean.org/storage/2016/08/ASEAN-Guidelines-for-CSR-on-Labour.pdf
ASEAN. "Vientiane Action Programme." 2004. https://www.asean.org/storage/images/archive/VAP-10th%20ASEAN%20Summit.pdf
ASEAN. "Directory of ASEAN Focal Points on Migrant Workers." ASEAN Secretariat, 2021. https://asean.org/storage/2021/01/Directory-of-Focal-Points.pdf
ASEAN. "ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework." 2019. https://asean.org/asean-qualifications-reference-framework/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ACMW Work Plan 2016-2020." ASEAN, 2016. https://asean.org/storage/2016/04/ACMW-Work-Plan-2016-2020.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Community Vision 2025" https://asean.org/asean-community-vision-2025/
ASEAN Secretariat."Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II)" https://asean.org/declaration-of-asean-concord-ii-bali-concord-ii/
ASEAN. "ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers." 2007. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Declaration-on-the-Protection-and-Promotion-of-the-Rights-of-Migrant-Workers.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025. https://asean.org/asean-economic-community/
ASEAN. "Mutual Recognition Arrangements in Services." 2021. https://asean.org/asean-economic-community/sectoral-bodies-under-the-purview-of-aem/services/asean-mutual-recognition-arrangements/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Labor Ministers' Meeting: History and Development." ASEAN Official Website. https://asean.org/our-communities/asean-socio-cultural-community/labour/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Organizational Structure." ASEAN Official Website, 2021. https://asean.org/asean-structure/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint 2025." https://asean.org/asean-political-security-community/
ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. https://asean.org/asean-socio-cultural/
ASEAN. "Terms of Reference of ASEAN Labour Ministers Meeting." ASEAN Secretariat, 2020. https://asean.org/storage/2020/01/Terms-of-Reference-ALMM.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. "The ASEAN Charter." ASEAN Official Website, 2008. https://asean.org/asean2020/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ASEAN-Charter.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. "The Founding of ASEAN." ASEAN Official Website. https://asean.org/about-asean/the-founding-of-asean/
ASEAN Trade Union Council. "Structure and Functions." ATUC Official Website, 2020. http://aseantuc.org/about-us/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2017). "Turning Vision into Reality for a Dynamic ASEAN Community." http://www.asean.org/storage/2017/09/ASEAN-Community-Vision-2025.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. (2022). "Chairman's Statement of the 40th and 41st ASEAN Summits." https://asean.org/chairmans-statement-40-41-asean-summits/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2023). "Joint Communique of the 27th ASEAN Labour Ministers Meeting." https://asean.org/joint-communique-27th-almm/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2023). "Chairman's Statement of the 42nd and 43rd ASEAN Summits." https://asean.org/chairmans-statement-42-43-asean-summits/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "Joint Communique of the 28th ASEAN Labour Ministers Meeting." https://asean.org/joint-communique-28th-almm/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "Preliminary Information on the 44th ASEAN Summit." https://asean.org/preliminary-info-44th-asean-summit/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "ASEAN Future Labor Market Outlook." https://asean.org/future-labor-market-outlook/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "ASEAN Future Labor Market Outlook." https://asean.org/future-labor-market-outlook/
ASETUC. "ASETUC's Role in Migrant Workers Protection." Official Documentation, 2019. http://asetuc.org/
BBC News. (2019). Kim Jong-nam murder: Malaysian court frees Indonesian suspect. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47531405
Betts, A. (2011). Global Migration Governance. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/global-migration-governance-9780199600458
BP2MI (2018). "Data Penempatan dan Perlindungan pekerja migran Indonesia Periode Tahun 2018." http://www.bnp2pekerja migran Indonesia.go.id/uploads/statistik/
BP2MI. (2021). "Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pembekalan Akhir Pemberangkatan (PAP) pekerja migran Indonesia." http://www.bp2mi.go.id/publikasi/pedoman-pap
BP2MI. (2022). "Layanan Crisis Center dan Pengaduan pekerja migran Indonesia." http://www.bp2mi.go.id/layanan/crisis-center
BP2MI. (2023). "Laporan Kinerja BP2MI Tahun 2022." http://www.bp2mi.go.id/publikasi/laporan-kinerja
Capie, David. "East Asia Summit: Evolution, Implications, and Challenges." East Asia Forum, 2015. https://www.eastasiaforum.org
Cross, Mai'a K. Davis. 2007. The European Diplomatic Corps: Diplomats and International Cooperation from Westphalia to Maastricht. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Data Penempatan Dan Perlindungan 2019-2021 (2021) BP2MI. Available at: https://bp2mi.go.id/statistik-detail/data-penempatan-dan-pelindungan-pmi-periode-tahun-2021
Department of Occupational Safety and Health. (2021). "Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Foreign Workers." http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/guidelines
Department of Industrial Relations Malaysia. (2023). "Labour Dispute Resolution Mechanism." http://www.jtr.gov.my/index.php/en/services
Government of Malaysia. (2022). Employment Act 1955 (Amended 2022) https://jtksm.mohr.gov.my/sites/default/files/2023-11/Akta%20Kerja%201955%20%28Akta%20265%29.pdf.
Human Rights Watch. (2020). World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Qatar. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/qatar
Human Rights Watch. (2018). Indonesia/Malaysia: Investigate Domestic Worker's Death. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/15/indonesia/malaysia-investigate-domestic-workers-death
International Labour Organization. "Labour Migration in ASEAN: Recent Trends and Implications." ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2015. https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_416366
International Labour Organization. "ASEAN Committee on Migrant Workers: Structure and Function." ILO Regional Office, 2018. https://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/labour-migration/WCMS_632431/
ILO. (2009). "Background paper: ASEAN Framework Instrument on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers." http://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_160000/
ILO. "ASEAN Labour Ministers' Work Programme 2000-2015." https://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/WCMS_145322/
ILO. (2016). "Progress of the Implementation of Recommendations Adopted at the 3rd – 8th ASEAN Forum on Migrant Labour." http://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_431653/
ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. "ASEAN Forum on Migrant Labour (AFML): Background Information." 2019. https://www.ilo.org/asia/WCMS_214213/
Immigration Department of Malaysia. (2023). "Foreign Worker Centralized Management System." http://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/foreign-worker
International Labour Organization. "COVID-19: Impact on Migrant Workers and Country Response in Malaysia." ILO, 2020. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/briefingnote/wcms_741512.pdf
ILO. "Implementation of the ASEAN Consensus: Regional Action Plan." 2018. https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_713642/
International Organization for Migration. "Labour Migration from Indonesia." IOM Indonesia, 2020. https://indonesia.iom.int/resources/labour-migration-indonesia
International Labour Organization. (2020). Triangular cooperation on fair recruitment for migrant workers in the ASEAN region.
International Organization for Migration. (2020). World Migration Report 2020. IOM. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2020-interactive/
International Labour Organization. (2018). Indonesia: New law to protect migrant workers. https://www.ilo.org/jakarta/info/public/pr/WCMS_612783/lang--en/index.htm
International Labour Organization. (2021). ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers: Results and Methodology. ILO. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_808935/lang--en/index.htm
International Labour Organization. (2021). Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/publications/WCMS_854733/lang--en/index.htm
IOM. "ASEAN Guidelines on Effective Return and Reintegration." 2020. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/DMM/AVRR/ASEAN-Guidelines.pdf
IOM (2022) Memperkuat Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia di Malaysia https://indonesia.iom.int/id/news/memperkuat-perlindungan-pekerja-migran-indonesia-di-malaysia
IOM. (2024). "Regional Migration Governance in ASEAN." https://www.iom.int/publications/regional-migration-governance-asean
Kemendagri: Pekerja migran Indonesia Dilindungi Undang-Undang. https://bangda.kemendagri.go.id/. (2023). https://bangda.kemendagri.go.id/berita/baca_kontent/1169/kemendagri_pekerja_migran_indonesia_dilindungi_undang-undang_#:~:text=Pada%20kesempatan%20tersebut%2C%20Zanariah%20mengingatkan,Pelaksanaan%20Pelindungan%20Pekerja%20Migran%20Indonesia.
Kementerian Hukum dan HAM RI. (2017). "Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia." http://peraturan.go.id/uu/nomor-18-tahun-2017
Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan. (2021). "Program Desa Migran Produktif." http://www.kemnaker.go.id/program/desmigratif
Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan RI. (2022). Pedoman Implementasi UU No. 18 Tahun 2017.
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2022). "Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Perlindungan pekerja migran Indonesia." http://www.kominfo.go.id/digital/sippekerja migran Indonesia
Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. (2020). "Perlindungan WNI dan BHI di Luar Negeri." http://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/23/halaman_list_lainnya/perlindungan-wni-dan-bhi
Konvensi ILO (2024) Konvensi Pekerja Migran (Ketentuan Tambahan), 1975 https://www.ilo.org/id/media/117746/download
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia. (2021). "Bilateral Cooperation on Labour Migration." http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/bilateral-relations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Indonesia and Malaysia Sign MoU on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Domestic Workers. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/3264/berita/indonesia-and-malaysia-sign-mou-on-the-placement-and-protection-of-indonesian-domestic-workers
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. (2023). "Capacity Building Programs for Foreign Workers." http://www.mohr.gov.my/index.php/en/programmes
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. (2021). Labour Law Reform. https://www.mohr.gov.my/index.php/en/labour-law-reform
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. (2022). "Employment Act 1955 (Amendment 2022)." http://www.mohr.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/acts-regulation/employment-act-1955
Ministry of Home Affairs Malaysia. (2022). "Foreign Worker Management Policy." http://www.moha.gov.my/index.php/en/foreign-worker-management
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2019). "Program Asuransi Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia." http://www.ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/asuransi-pekerja migran Indonesia
Sharp, Paul. 2009. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Social Security Organisation Malaysia. (2022). "Social Protection for Foreign Workers." http://www.perkeso.gov.my/en/social-security-protection
The Jakarta Post. (2021). Indonesian diplomat arrested in Malaysia for alleged sexual assault. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/07/10/indonesian-diplomat-arrested-in-malaysia-for-alleged-sexual-assault.html
Thompson, Kenneth W. (1960). "Political Realism and the Crisis of World Politics: An American Approach to Foreign Policy." Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691651347/
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/glotip.html
UN Women. (2013). "Managing Labour Migration in ASEAN: Concerns for Women Migrant Workers." http://www.unwomen.org/publications/managing-labour-migration-asean
UNHCR. (2021). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. (2021). RSPO Principles and Criteria 2018. https://rspo.org/resources/certification/rspo-principles-criteria-certification
Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47(6), 737-765. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia.
U.S. Department of State. (2022). "Trafficking in Persons Report". https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/
Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Transnationalism/Vertovec/p/book/9780415432993
Wahyudi, R. (2020). Malaysia's Crackdown on Undocumented Migrants: A Contentious Approach to Pandemic Management. ISEAS Perspective, 2020(108). https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2020-108-malaysias-crackdown-on-undocumented-migrants-a-contentious-approach-to-pandemic-management-by-ridha-wahyudi/
World Bank. "Migrating to Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Labor Mobility in Southeast Asia." 2017. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28342
World Bank. (2021). Migration and Development Brief 34: Resilience: COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens. World Bank Group. https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-34
Adler, Emanuel. 2002. "Constructivism and International Relations." In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, 95-118. London: SAGE
Ba, Alice D. (2023). "ASEAN's Identity Formation and Change." Journal of Asian Studies, 82(1), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911822001619
Bal, C. S. (2015). Production Politics and Migrant Labour Regimes: Guest Workers in Asia and the Gulf. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137461223
Bjola, Corneliu, and Markus Kornprobst. 2013. Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics. London: Routledge
Castles, S., de Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. (2014). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.macmillanihe.com/page/detail/The-Age-of-Migration/?K=9780230355767
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Chavez, Jenina Joy. "Transnational Social Movements in ASEAN Policy Advocacy: The Case of Regional Migrants' Rights Policy." Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 2015.
Ionesco, D., Mokhnacheva, D., & Gemenne, F. (2016). The Atlas of Environmental Migration. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/The-Atlas-of-Environmental-Migration/Ionesco-Mokhnacheva-Gemenne/p/book/9781138022065
Narine, Shaun. (2022). "ASEAN and Regional Security in Southeast Asia." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcac011
Satjipto Rahardjo, "Ilmu Hukum," Citra Aditya Bakti, 2014
Severino, Rodolfo C. "Southeast Asia in Search of an ASEAN Community." ISEAS Publishing, 2006. https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1160
Thompson, Kenneth W. (1960). "Political Realism and the Crisis of World Politics: An American Approach to Foreign Policy." Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691651347/
Weatherbee, Donald E. "International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy." Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
Wendt, Alexander. (1992). "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics." International Organization, 46(2), 391-425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027764
Wendt, Alexander. (1994). "Collective Identity Formation and the International State." American Political Science Review, 88(2), 384-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944711
Wendt, Alexander. (1999). "Social Theory of International Politics." Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612183
Wright, Quincy. (1942). "A Study of War." University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/wright-study-of-war
Yeoh, Brenda S.A. "Migration and Social Diversity in Singapore." Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013. https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1986
ARTIKEL JURNAL
Acharya, A. (2014). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. Routledge
Acharya, Amitav. "The Evolution and Limitations of ASEAN Identity." Project MUSE, 2017. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/666980
Adamson, F. B., & Tsourapas, G. (2020). The Migration State in the Global South: Nationalizing, Developmental, and Neoliberal Models of Migration Management. International Migration Review, 54(3), 853-882. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0197918319879057
Adler, Emanuel. (1997). "Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics." European Journal of International Relations, 3(3), 319-363
Akbar, T. H., Sari, S., & Amanita, A. (2017). Implementasi Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Wanita (Tkw) Studi Kasus: Tkw Di Malaysia. Dinamika Global. https://fisip.unjani.ac.id/e-jurnal/jurnal-hubungan-internasional/dinamika-global-vol-02-no-01/implementasi-kebijakan-pemerintah-dalam-perlindungan-tenaga-kerja-wanita-tkw-studi-kasus-tkw-di-malaysia/
Amnesty International. (2020). Malaysia: Authorities must ensure COVID-19 does not discriminate against migrant workers. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/malaysia-authorities-must-ensure-covid19-does-not-discriminate-against-migrant-workers/
Asian Development Bank Institute. "Labor Migration in Asia: Building Effective Institutions." ADBI, 2016. https://www.adb.org/publications/labor-migration-asia-building-effective-institutions
ASEAN. (2017). "ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers". https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ASEAN-Consensus-on-the-Protection-and-Promotion-of-the-Rights-of-Migrant-Workers1.pdf
Azmy, A. S. (2012). Negara dan Buruh Migran Perempuan: Kebijakan Perlindungan Buruh Migran Perempuan Indonesia Masa Pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 2004-2010. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. https://books.google.com/books?id=wK9oDwAAQBAJ
Azmy, A. S. (2022). Kebijakan Negara dalam Perlindungan Pekerja Migran (Studi Kasus: Implementasi Perlindungan Perempuan Pekerja Migran Indonesia di Malaysia dan Hong kong Pada Tahun 2014-2020.
Ba, A. D. (2009). (Re)Negotiating East and Southeast Asia: Region, Regionalism, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Stanford University Press.
Ba, Alice D. "Regional Security in East Asia: ASEAN's Value Added and Limitations." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 2010. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/saa
Bal, C. S., & Gerard, K. (2018). "ASEAN's governance of migrant worker rights". Third World Quarterly, 39(4), 799-819.
Battistella, Graziano. "Labour Migration in Asia and the Role of Bilateral Migration Agreements." The Graduate Institute Geneva, 2015. https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/292744
Bauböck, R. (2003). Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism. International Migration Review, 37(3), 700-723. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00155.x
Castles, S. (2004). Why migration policies fail. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(2), 205-227. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0141987042000177306
Chavez, J. J. (2015). Transnational Social Movements in ASEAN Policy Advocacy: The Case of Regional Migrants' Rights Policy. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Checkel, Jeffrey T. (1998). "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory." World Politics, 50(2), 324-348
Davies, M. (2013). ASEAN and Human Rights Norms: Constructivism, Rational Choice, and the Action-Identity Gap. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific
Ford, M. (2006). "After Nunukan: The Regulation of Indonesian Migration to Malaysia." https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-studies-review/article/after-nunukan-the-regulation-of-indonesian-migration-to-malaysia/
Gamlen, A. (2014). The New Migration-and-Development Pessimism. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 581-597. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309132513512544
Gerard, K. (2014). ASEAN's Engagement of Civil Society: Regulating Dissent. Palgrave Macmillan.
Harkins, Benjamin. "Review of Labour Migration Policy in Malaysia." ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2016. https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_447687
Hugo, G. (1993). "Indonesian Labour Migration to Malaysia: Trends and Policy Implications." http://www.jstor.org/stable/27908244
Hopf, Ted. (1998). "The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory." International Security, 23(1), 171-200.
Elias, J. (2013). Foreign Policy and the Domestic Worker. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 15(3), 391-410. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616742.2012.755835
Emmers, Ralf. "ASEAN's Search for Neutrality in the South China Sea." Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, 2014. http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/91891
Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink. (1998). "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change." International Organization, 52(4), 887-917
Hugo, G. (2007). Indonesia's Labor Looks Abroad. Migration Information Source. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indonesias-labor-looks-abroad
Hollifield, J. F., Martin, P. L., & Orrenius, P. M. (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective. Stanford University Press. https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23961
Jones, Lee. "ASEAN's Unchanged Melody? The Theory and Practice of Non-Interference in Southeast Asia." The Pacific Review, 2010. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09512741003624935
Jönsson, Christer, and Martin Hall. 2005. Essence of Diplomacy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Kaur, A. (2004). "Mobility, Labour Mobilisation and Border Controls: Indonesian Labour Migration to Malaysia since 1900." http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1467271042000184689
Kaur, Amarjit. "Labour Migration Trends and Policy Challenges in Southeast Asia." Policy and Society, 2010. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.09.001
Kao, Kim Hourn. "Cambodia's Integration into ASEAN: Challenges and Opportunities." Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, 1999.
Katsumata, H. (2009). ASEAN's Cooperative Security Enterprise: Norms and Interests in the ASEAN Regional Forum. Palgrave Macmillan
Kneebone, S. (2012). The Governance of Labor Migration in Southeast Asia. Pacific Affairs
.Koh, T., Manalo, R. G., & Woon, W. (Eds.). (2009). The Making of the ASEAN Charter. World Scientific Publishing.
Kratochwil, Friedrich. (2000). "Constructing a New Orthodoxy? Wendt's 'Social Theory of International Politics' and the Constructivist Challenge." Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29(1), 73-101
Lindquist, J. (2010). Labour Recruitment, Circuits of Capital and Gendered Mobility. Pacific Affairs.
Mahfud, D. M. B. A. (n.d.). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pekerja Migran Asia Tenggara
Migrant Forum in Asia. "Civil Society's Role in ASEAN Labour Migration." MFA Policy Brief, 2019.
Narine, Shaun. "ASEAN and the ARF: The Limits of the ASEAN Way." Asian Survey, 1997. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645527
Narine, S. (2002). Explaining ASEAN: Regionalism in Southeast Asia. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Nesadurai, H. E. S. (2013). ASEAN People's Forum (APF) as Authentic Social Forum: Regional Civil Society Networking for an Alternative Regionalism. Oxford Development Studies
Noor, N. M., & Shaker, M. N. (2017). "Perceived workplace discrimination, coping and psychological distress among unskilled Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876201816301745
Orbeta Jr, A. C., & Gonzales, K. G. (2013). "Managing International Labor Migration in ASEAN: Themes from a Six-Country Study". Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
Piper, N. (2015). "Democratising Migration from the Bottom Up: The Rise of the Global Migrant Rights Movement". Globalizations, 12(5), 788-802.
Platt, M. (2018). Migration, Moralities and Moratoriums: Female Labour Migrants and the Tensions of Protectionism in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 42(1), 89-106. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2017.1408571
Pouliot, Vincent. 2016. International Pecking Orders: The Politics and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Reus-Smit, Christian. 1999. The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Rüland, J. (2018). The Indonesian Way: ASEAN, Europeanization, and Foreign Policy Debates in a New Democracy. Stanford University Press.
Sending, Ole Jacob, Vincent Pouliot, and Iver B. Neumann. 2015. Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press d
Tan, S. S. (2013). Herding Cats: The Role of Persuasion in Political Change and Continuity in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). International Relations of the Asia-Pacific.
Task Force on ASEAN Migrant Workers. "Civil Society Proposal: ASEAN Framework Instrument." TFAMW, 2019. http://www.workersconnection.org/articles.php?more=70
Taufik, A. I. (2014). PERAN ASEAN DAN NEGARA ANGGOTA ASEAN TERHADAP PERLINDUNGAN PEKERJA MIGRAN. Jurnal Rechtsvinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 3(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v3i2.43
Wendt, Alexander. (2003). "Why a World State is Inevitable." European Journal of International Relations, 9(4), 491-542.
Wright, Quincy. (1955). "The Study of International Relations." Appleton-Century-Crofts. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271625529000118
INTERNET
ASEAN. "ASEAN Social Protection Framework." 2018. https://asean.org/storage/2018/12/ASEAN-Social-Protection-Framework.pdf
ASEAN. "The ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)." 1967. https://agreement.asean.org/media/download/20140117154159.pdf
ASEAN Confederation of Employers. "ACE Strategic Framework 2020-2025." ACE, 2020. http://www.aseanemployers.org/
ASEAN. "Convention on Trafficking in Persons." 2015. https://asean.org/asean-convention-on-trafficking-in-persons/
ASEAN. "ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime." 1997 https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Declaration-on-Transnational-Crime-1997.pdf
ASEAN. "Guidelines on Good Industrial Relations Practices." 2012. https://asean.org/storage/2012/05/ASEAN-Guidelines-on-Good-Industrial-Relations-Practices.pdf
ASEAN. "Guidelines for Corporate Social Responsibility on Labour." 2016. https://asean.org/storage/2016/08/ASEAN-Guidelines-for-CSR-on-Labour.pdf
ASEAN. "Vientiane Action Programme." 2004. https://www.asean.org/storage/images/archive/VAP-10th%20ASEAN%20Summit.pdf
ASEAN. "Directory of ASEAN Focal Points on Migrant Workers." ASEAN Secretariat, 2021. https://asean.org/storage/2021/01/Directory-of-Focal-Points.pdf
ASEAN. "ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework." 2019. https://asean.org/asean-qualifications-reference-framework/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ACMW Work Plan 2016-2020." ASEAN, 2016. https://asean.org/storage/2016/04/ACMW-Work-Plan-2016-2020.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Community Vision 2025" https://asean.org/asean-community-vision-2025/
ASEAN Secretariat."Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II)" https://asean.org/declaration-of-asean-concord-ii-bali-concord-ii/
ASEAN. "ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers." 2007. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Declaration-on-the-Protection-and-Promotion-of-the-Rights-of-Migrant-Workers.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025. https://asean.org/asean-economic-community/
ASEAN. "Mutual Recognition Arrangements in Services." 2021. https://asean.org/asean-economic-community/sectoral-bodies-under-the-purview-of-aem/services/asean-mutual-recognition-arrangements/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Labor Ministers' Meeting: History and Development." ASEAN Official Website. https://asean.org/our-communities/asean-socio-cultural-community/labour/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Organizational Structure." ASEAN Official Website, 2021. https://asean.org/asean-structure/
ASEAN Secretariat. "ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint 2025." https://asean.org/asean-political-security-community/
ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. https://asean.org/asean-socio-cultural/
ASEAN. "Terms of Reference of ASEAN Labour Ministers Meeting." ASEAN Secretariat, 2020. https://asean.org/storage/2020/01/Terms-of-Reference-ALMM.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. "The ASEAN Charter." ASEAN Official Website, 2008. https://asean.org/asean2020/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ASEAN-Charter.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. "The Founding of ASEAN." ASEAN Official Website. https://asean.org/about-asean/the-founding-of-asean/
ASEAN Trade Union Council. "Structure and Functions." ATUC Official Website, 2020. http://aseantuc.org/about-us/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2017). "Turning Vision into Reality for a Dynamic ASEAN Community." http://www.asean.org/storage/2017/09/ASEAN-Community-Vision-2025.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat. (2022). "Chairman's Statement of the 40th and 41st ASEAN Summits." https://asean.org/chairmans-statement-40-41-asean-summits/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2023). "Joint Communique of the 27th ASEAN Labour Ministers Meeting." https://asean.org/joint-communique-27th-almm/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2023). "Chairman's Statement of the 42nd and 43rd ASEAN Summits." https://asean.org/chairmans-statement-42-43-asean-summits/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "Joint Communique of the 28th ASEAN Labour Ministers Meeting." https://asean.org/joint-communique-28th-almm/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "Preliminary Information on the 44th ASEAN Summit." https://asean.org/preliminary-info-44th-asean-summit/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "ASEAN Future Labor Market Outlook." https://asean.org/future-labor-market-outlook/
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). "ASEAN Future Labor Market Outlook." https://asean.org/future-labor-market-outlook/
ASETUC. "ASETUC's Role in Migrant Workers Protection." Official Documentation, 2019. http://asetuc.org/
BBC News. (2019). Kim Jong-nam murder: Malaysian court frees Indonesian suspect. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47531405
Betts, A. (2011). Global Migration Governance. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/global-migration-governance-9780199600458
BP2MI (2018). "Data Penempatan dan Perlindungan pekerja migran Indonesia Periode Tahun 2018." http://www.bnp2pekerja migran Indonesia.go.id/uploads/statistik/
BP2MI. (2021). "Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pembekalan Akhir Pemberangkatan (PAP) pekerja migran Indonesia." http://www.bp2mi.go.id/publikasi/pedoman-pap
BP2MI. (2022). "Layanan Crisis Center dan Pengaduan pekerja migran Indonesia." http://www.bp2mi.go.id/layanan/crisis-center
BP2MI. (2023). "Laporan Kinerja BP2MI Tahun 2022." http://www.bp2mi.go.id/publikasi/laporan-kinerja
Capie, David. "East Asia Summit: Evolution, Implications, and Challenges." East Asia Forum, 2015. https://www.eastasiaforum.org
Cross, Mai'a K. Davis. 2007. The European Diplomatic Corps: Diplomats and International Cooperation from Westphalia to Maastricht. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Data Penempatan Dan Perlindungan 2019-2021 (2021) BP2MI. Available at: https://bp2mi.go.id/statistik-detail/data-penempatan-dan-pelindungan-pmi-periode-tahun-2021
Department of Occupational Safety and Health. (2021). "Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Foreign Workers." http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/guidelines
Department of Industrial Relations Malaysia. (2023). "Labour Dispute Resolution Mechanism." http://www.jtr.gov.my/index.php/en/services
Government of Malaysia. (2022). Employment Act 1955 (Amended 2022) https://jtksm.mohr.gov.my/sites/default/files/2023-11/Akta%20Kerja%201955%20%28Akta%20265%29.pdf.
Human Rights Watch. (2020). World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Qatar. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/qatar
Human Rights Watch. (2018). Indonesia/Malaysia: Investigate Domestic Worker's Death. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/15/indonesia/malaysia-investigate-domestic-workers-death
International Labour Organization. "Labour Migration in ASEAN: Recent Trends and Implications." ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2015. https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_416366
International Labour Organization. "ASEAN Committee on Migrant Workers: Structure and Function." ILO Regional Office, 2018. https://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/labour-migration/WCMS_632431/
ILO. (2009). "Background paper: ASEAN Framework Instrument on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers." http://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_160000/
ILO. "ASEAN Labour Ministers' Work Programme 2000-2015." https://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/WCMS_145322/
ILO. (2016). "Progress of the Implementation of Recommendations Adopted at the 3rd – 8th ASEAN Forum on Migrant Labour." http://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_431653/
ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. "ASEAN Forum on Migrant Labour (AFML): Background Information." 2019. https://www.ilo.org/asia/WCMS_214213/
Immigration Department of Malaysia. (2023). "Foreign Worker Centralized Management System." http://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/foreign-worker
International Labour Organization. "COVID-19: Impact on Migrant Workers and Country Response in Malaysia." ILO, 2020. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/briefingnote/wcms_741512.pdf
ILO. "Implementation of the ASEAN Consensus: Regional Action Plan." 2018. https://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_713642/
International Organization for Migration. "Labour Migration from Indonesia." IOM Indonesia, 2020. https://indonesia.iom.int/resources/labour-migration-indonesia
International Labour Organization. (2020). Triangular cooperation on fair recruitment for migrant workers in the ASEAN region.
International Organization for Migration. (2020). World Migration Report 2020. IOM. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2020-interactive/
International Labour Organization. (2018). Indonesia: New law to protect migrant workers. https://www.ilo.org/jakarta/info/public/pr/WCMS_612783/lang--en/index.htm
International Labour Organization. (2021). ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers: Results and Methodology. ILO. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_808935/lang--en/index.htm
International Labour Organization. (2021). Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/publications/WCMS_854733/lang--en/index.htm
IOM. "ASEAN Guidelines on Effective Return and Reintegration." 2020. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/DMM/AVRR/ASEAN-Guidelines.pdf
IOM (2022) Memperkuat Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia di Malaysia https://indonesia.iom.int/id/news/memperkuat-perlindungan-pekerja-migran-indonesia-di-malaysia
IOM. (2024). "Regional Migration Governance in ASEAN." https://www.iom.int/publications/regional-migration-governance-asean
Kemendagri: Pekerja migran Indonesia Dilindungi Undang-Undang. https://bangda.kemendagri.go.id/. (2023). https://bangda.kemendagri.go.id/berita/baca_kontent/1169/kemendagri_pekerja_migran_indonesia_dilindungi_undang-undang_#:~:text=Pada%20kesempatan%20tersebut%2C%20Zanariah%20mengingatkan,Pelaksanaan%20Pelindungan%20Pekerja%20Migran%20Indonesia.
Kementerian Hukum dan HAM RI. (2017). "Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia." http://peraturan.go.id/uu/nomor-18-tahun-2017
Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan. (2021). "Program Desa Migran Produktif." http://www.kemnaker.go.id/program/desmigratif
Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan RI. (2022). Pedoman Implementasi UU No. 18 Tahun 2017.
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2022). "Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Perlindungan pekerja migran Indonesia." http://www.kominfo.go.id/digital/sippekerja migran Indonesia
Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. (2020). "Perlindungan WNI dan BHI di Luar Negeri." http://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/23/halaman_list_lainnya/perlindungan-wni-dan-bhi
Konvensi ILO (2024) Konvensi Pekerja Migran (Ketentuan Tambahan), 1975 https://www.ilo.org/id/media/117746/download
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia. (2021). "Bilateral Cooperation on Labour Migration." http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/bilateral-relations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Indonesia and Malaysia Sign MoU on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Domestic Workers. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/3264/berita/indonesia-and-malaysia-sign-mou-on-the-placement-and-protection-of-indonesian-domestic-workers
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. (2023). "Capacity Building Programs for Foreign Workers." http://www.mohr.gov.my/index.php/en/programmes
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. (2021). Labour Law Reform. https://www.mohr.gov.my/index.php/en/labour-law-reform
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. (2022). "Employment Act 1955 (Amendment 2022)." http://www.mohr.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/acts-regulation/employment-act-1955
Ministry of Home Affairs Malaysia. (2022). "Foreign Worker Management Policy." http://www.moha.gov.my/index.php/en/foreign-worker-management
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2019). "Program Asuransi Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia." http://www.ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/asuransi-pekerja migran Indonesia
Sharp, Paul. 2009. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Social Security Organisation Malaysia. (2022). "Social Protection for Foreign Workers." http://www.perkeso.gov.my/en/social-security-protection
The Jakarta Post. (2021). Indonesian diplomat arrested in Malaysia for alleged sexual assault. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/07/10/indonesian-diplomat-arrested-in-malaysia-for-alleged-sexual-assault.html
Thompson, Kenneth W. (1960). "Political Realism and the Crisis of World Politics: An American Approach to Foreign Policy." Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691651347/
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/glotip.html
UN Women. (2013). "Managing Labour Migration in ASEAN: Concerns for Women Migrant Workers." http://www.unwomen.org/publications/managing-labour-migration-asean
UNHCR. (2021). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. (2021). RSPO Principles and Criteria 2018. https://rspo.org/resources/certification/rspo-principles-criteria-certification
Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47(6), 737-765. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tentang Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia.
U.S. Department of State. (2022). "Trafficking in Persons Report". https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/
Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Transnationalism/Vertovec/p/book/9780415432993
Wahyudi, R. (2020). Malaysia's Crackdown on Undocumented Migrants: A Contentious Approach to Pandemic Management. ISEAS Perspective, 2020(108). https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2020-108-malaysias-crackdown-on-undocumented-migrants-a-contentious-approach-to-pandemic-management-by-ridha-wahyudi/
World Bank. "Migrating to Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Labor Mobility in Southeast Asia." 2017. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28342
World Bank. (2021). Migration and Development Brief 34: Resilience: COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens. World Bank Group. https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-34
Published
2025-06-30
How to Cite
Gibran, M., Harikesa, I. W. A., & Akbar, T. H. (2025). ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI NILAI-NILAI ASEAN DALAM PERLINDUNGAN PEKERJA MIGRAN INDONESIA DI MALAYSIA, 1(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/gij.v1i3.3235
Section
Articles
