CHINA'S ENERGY DIPLOMACY TOWARDS RUSSIA IN THE EASTERN SIBERIA PIPELINE DEVELOPMENT DURING PRESIDENT XI JINPING PERIOD
Keywords:
China; Russia; Energy Diplomacy; Eastern Siberia Pipeline; Xi Jinping.
Abstract
China is a very active country in building energy diplomacy relations towards Russia. Since the end of the Cold War, the intensity of energy relations between the two countries has been increasing, one of which is related to the Eastern Siberian pipeline project. The Eastern Siberian pipeline project is a strategic project for China to maintain the stability of their energy security in the future. This is what makes China under the leadership of Xi Jinping, increasingly seeking to improve their energy diplomacy relations towards Russia in an effort to develop the Eastern Siberian pipeline project which includes two major projects, specifically oil pipeline through the Eastern Siberian Pasific Ocean (ESPO) and the natural gas pipeline through the Power of Siberia. Using qualitative research methods and literature reviews, the authors sought to provide an in-depth analysis of China's implementation of energy diplomacy against Russia in the development of the Eastern Siberian pipeline. China's energy diplomacy towards Russia is part of efforts to diversify China's energy imports many involving actors of China's national energy companies. This research also proves that energy cooperation relationships are not only built within bilateral frameworks but also in multilateral frameworks as part of China-Russia efforts to accelerate the development of the Eastern Siberian pipeline.
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Bennett. (2016). The Silk Road Goes North: Russia's role within China's Belt and Road Initiative. Area Development and Policy, 1 (3). 341-351. Doi:10.1080/23792949.2016.1239508.
Bolt, P. (2016). Energy and the Sino-Russian Relationship. INSS Strategic Paper of US AIR Force Academy.
Bovan, A., Vucenovic, T., & Peric, N. (2019). Negotiating Energy Diplomacy and its Relationship with Foreign Policy and National Security. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(2). 1-16. Doi: 10.32479/ijeep.8754.
Charap, S., Drennan, J., & Noel, P. (2017). Russia and China: A New Model of Great-Power Relations. Survival Journal, 59 (1).2542. Doi:10.1080/00396338.2017.1282670.
Chi Yeh & Wei Yu. (2012). China’s Energy Diplomacy: SOE Relations in the Context of Global Distribution and Investment Pattern. Advances in Applied Sociology Journal, 2 (4). 325-343. Doi: 10.4236/aasoci.2012.24043.
Christoffersen, G. (2016). The Role of China in Global Energy Governance. China Perspectives (2). 15-24. Doi: 10.4000/chinaperspectives.6968.
Creswell. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. (4th eds). London: SAGE Publication.
Dong, K., Sun, R., & Jiang, H. (2016). A Review of China’s Energy Consumption Structure and Outlook Based on a Long Range Energy Alternatives Modeling Tools. Petroleum Science, 14(2017). 214-227.Doi:10.1007/s12182-016-0136-z.
Downs. (2006). The Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Energy Security Series: China. The Brookings Institution.
Eder. (2014). China-Russia Relations in Central Asia: Energy Policy, Beijing’s New Assertiveness and 21st Century Geopolitics. Austria: Springer VS.
Gholz, E., Awan, U., & Ronn, E. (2017). Financial and Energy Security Analysis of China’s Loan for-Oil Deals. Energy Research & Social Science (24). 42-50. Doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2016.12.021.
Giuli, M. (2015, Oct 23). Getting Energy Diplomacy Right: A Challenge Starting at Home: Retrieved from European Policy Centre: https://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/Getting-energy-diplomacy-right~1d05b0.
Goldthau. (2010). Energy Diplomacy in Trade and Investment of Oil and Gas. Dalam Goldthau & Witte (eds.). Global Energy Governance. USA: Brookings Institution Press.
Golobokov. (2016). Various Forms and Mechanisms of Chinese-Russian Cooperation in the Energy Sphere and the Role of Non-Governmental Structures. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences 1 (45-48). Doi: 10.1016/j.psrb.2016.01.002.
Gubaidullina, M., Yelibayeva, A., & Liu, Qi. (2020). The SCO Space in Geopolitical Configuration of Eurasia: Rapprochement and Contradictions of Energy Interest (The Case of China). Scientific Journals, 89 (1). Doi: 10.26577/IRILJ.2020.v89.i1.01.
Henderson & Mitrova. (2016). Energy Relations Between Russia and China: Playing Chess with the Dragon. England: The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
Hsu, J & Soong, J. (2014). Development of China-Russia Relations (1949-2011). Chinese Economy Journal, 47(3). 70-87. doi:10.2753/CES10971475470305.
Jianhong. (2018). Analysis of Sustainable Development of Natural Gas Market in China. Natural Gas B 5 (2018). 644-651. Doi:10.1016/j.ngib.2018.11.013.
Kononczuk. (2008). The East Siberia/Pacific Ocean (ESPO) Oil Pipeline: A strategic Project- An Organisational Failure?. Centre for Eastern Studies (CES), 12.
Kontorovich, A., Eder, L., & Nikitenko, S. (2018). Key Problem in the Development of the Power of Siberia Project. Regional Research of Russia, 8. 92-100. Doi:10.1134%2FS2079970518010057.
Kumar & Chatnani. (2018). Achieving Energy Security Through Cross Border Investments: China’s Energy Across Russia & Central Asia and Lessons for India. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17 (4).
Kusuma, A.S. (2014). Rivalitas Strategi Maritim China dan India di Selat Malaka. Jurnal Insignia, 1 (1). Doi:10.20884/1.ins.2014.1.01.430
Leung, G. (2011). China’s Energy Security: Perception and Reality. Energy Policy Journal, 39 (3). 1330-1337. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.12.005.
Leung, G., Li, R., & Low, M. (2011). Transitions in China’s Oil Economy, 1990-2010. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52 (4). Doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.52.4.483.
Liao, J. (2019). China’s Energy Diplomacy towards Central Asia and the Implications on its “Belt and Road Initiative. The Pacific Review.Doi:10.1080/09512748.2019.1705882
Masuda. (2007). Security of Energy Supply and the Geopolitics of Oil and Gas Pipelines. European Review of Energy Markets, 2 (2).
Megits, N. (2016). The Impact of Russia-China Trade Relationship on the U.S. Economy. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), 3(2). Doi: 0.15549/jeecar.v3i2.135.
Overland & Kubayeva. (2018). Did China Bankroll Russia’s Annexation of Crimea? The Role of Sino-Russian Energy Relation. In Blakkisrud & Rowe (eds.). Russia’s Turn to the East: Domestic Policymaking and Regional Cooperation. Selected Reading, (pp. 104-105). Swisterland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Paik. (2015). Sino-Russian Gas and Oil Cooperation: Entering into a New Era of Strategic Partnership? England: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
Pipeline & Gas Journal. (2020, Mei 18). Gazprom Begins Preparation for Power of Siberia-2. Retrieved from: https://pgjonline.com/news/2020/05-may/gazprombegins-preparation-for-power-of-siberia-2.
Rab, A., & Zhilong. (2019). China and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Perspectives. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 9 (2). Doi: 10.30845/ijhss.v9n2p21.
Roberts, J. (2016). Russia’s Gas Challenge: The Consequences for China, Central Asia, Europe and the USA. Journal of World Energy Law and Business. (1-22). Doi: 10.1093/jwelb/jwv040.
Roseth. (2017). Russia’s Energy Relations with China: Passing the Strategic Threshold? Eurasian Geography and Economics, 58 (1). 23-55. Doi: 10.1080/15387216.2017.1304229.
Sagena, U., Pratiwi, T., & Mujiono. (2019). Tren Dalam Kerja sama Keamanan Energi Russia-Tiongkok: Perspektif Negara Produsen. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 8 (1). Doi: 10.18196/hi.81142.
Shi, B & Cai. (2020). Has China’s Oil Investment in Belt and Road Initiative Countries Helped Its Oil Impor? Journal Energies (13). Doi: 10.3390/en13123176.
Shi. (2016). Gas Hub Initiatives in East Asia: Motivation, Competition and Cooperation. Energy Studies Institute, 8 (5).
Shioya. (2019). The Treaty of Ghulja Reconsidered: Imperial Russian Diplomacy toward Qing China in 1851. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 10 (2). 147-158. Doi: 10.1177/1879366519842882.
Skalamera, M. (2016). Sino-Russian Energy Relations Reversed: A New Little Brother. Energy Strategy Reviews (13-14). 97- 108. Doi:10.1016/j.esr.2016.08.005.
Smith, C. (2020, Sept 18). Gazprom advancing Power of Siberia 2 Gas Pipeline. Oil & Gas Journal. Retrieved from OGJ: https://www.ogj.com/pipelines transportation/pipelines/article/14183699/gazprom-advancing-power-of-siberia-2-g.
Transneft. (2019, November 27). Transneft Brings Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean Oil Pipeline to Maximum Capacity. Retrieved from Transneft Press: https://en.transneft.ru/newsPress/view/id/25213.
Wang, X. (2019). Leadership-building Dilemmas in Emerging Powers’ Economic Diplomacy: Russia’s Energy Diplomacy and China’s OBOR. Asia Europe Journal, 18. Doi: 10.1007/s10308-019-005364.
Xin Li. (2015). Natural gas in China: a Regional Analysis. England: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
Xu, B & Reisinger, W. (2018). Russia's Energy Diplomacy with China: Personalism and Institutionalism in its Policy-Making Process. The Pacific Review, 32 (1). 1-19. Doi: 10.1080/09512748.2018.1428675.
Yi Lee. (2019). China’s Energy Diplomacy: Does Chinese Foreign Policy Favor Oil-Producing Countries. Foreign Policy Analysis, 15 (1). Doi: 10.1093/fpa/orz011.
Yilmaz & Daksueva. (2017). The Energy Nexus in China–Russia Strategic Partnership. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 19 (1). 63-88. Doi: 10.1093/irap/lcx003.
Zhang & Serdar. (2017). Analysis of Oil and Gas Cooperation between China and Russia in the Belt and Road. SHS Web of Conferences, 39 (3). Doi:10.1051/shsconf/20173901034.
Ziegler, C. (2006). The Energy Factor in China’s Foreign Policy. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 11 (1). 1-23. Doi: 10.1007/BF02877031.
Published
2021-12-09
How to Cite
Firmansyah, M., & Anggraeni, S. (2021). CHINA’S ENERGY DIPLOMACY TOWARDS RUSSIA IN THE EASTERN SIBERIA PIPELINE DEVELOPMENT DURING PRESIDENT XI JINPING PERIOD, 6(02), 129 - 151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v6i2.699
Section
Articles
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