PENGAYAAN SENJATA NUKLIR SEBAGAI MODAL EKONOMI KOREA UTARA
Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to analyze North Korea's efforts to obtain economic capital through the enrichment of nuclear weapons amid the various sanctions imposed on it. This paper uses a constructivism approach in accordance in term of give arguments regarding North Korea's struggle to gain economic capital is an all-out struggle. Since the communist regime took control of North Korea, North and South Korea have continued to conflict to this day. Supported by the Soviet Union and aided by China during the Cold War era, North Korea was still able to survive. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and China's lack initiatives from helping North Korea, the North Korean economy worsened. In this paper, we found that North Korea used its nuclear capability as a bargaining chip to get what it wanted, especially for economic reasons.
References
Buku
Balaam, David N., & Dillman, Bradford. 2013. Introduction to International Political Economy. United Kingdom: Routledge.
French, Paul. 2014. North Korea State of Paranoia. New York: Zed Books.
Kratochwil, Friedrich V. 1989. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oh, K.,& Hassig, R. 2000. North Korea through the Looking Glass. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Onuf, Nicholas. 1989. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Park, Hans S. 2012. North Korea Demystified. Cambria Press
Snyder, Scott. 2007. “U.S.-North Korean Negotiating Behavior and the Six-Party Talks.” Dalam North Korea’s Second Nuclear Crisis and Northeast Asian Security, diedit oleh Seung-Ho Joo dan Tae-Hwan Kwak. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Theys, Sarina. 2017. “Constructivism.” Dalam International Relations Theory, diedit oleh McGlonchey, S., Walters, R., & Scheinpflug, C, 36--41. Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing.
Wendt, A. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolf, C., & Akrimov, K. 2005. “Size, Growth, and Structure of the North Korean Economy.” Dalam North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and Consequences of Korean Unification, 9-20. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
Sumber Internet
Arms Control Association. 2020. “Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat
Avery, Emma Chanlett dan Ian E. Reinhart. 2014. “North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situations.” Diakses pada 10 Juni 2021. https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20141205_R41259_6c1df0294d1bf2865348bede886b9b051218608a.pdf
BBC. 2017. “China imposes import bans on North Korean iron, coal and seafood.” Diakes pada 9 Juni. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40932427
BBC. 2017. “North Korea nuclear tests: What did they achieve?” Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17823706
Berlinger, Joshua. 2020. “North Korea ‘ghost ships’ washed up in Japan because of China’s ‘dark’ fishing fleet, NGO says.” Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/23/asia/north-korea-ghost-ships-intl-hnk/index.html
Bossuyt, Marc J. 2000. “The adverse consequences of economic sanctions on the enjoyment of human rights.” Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/419880
Clapper, James R. 2014. “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Intelligence%20Reports/2014%20WWTA%20%20SFR_SSCI_29_Jan.pdf
Cordesman, A., Ayers, C., & Lin, A. 2016. “North Korean Nuclear Forces and the Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction in Northeast Asia.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.csis.org/analysis/north-korean-nuclear-forces-and-threat-weapons-mass-destruction-northeast-asia
Global Policy Forum. 2020. Sanctions Against North Korea. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://archive.globalpolicy.org/security-council/index-of-countries-on-the-security-council-agenda/north-korea.html
Müller, Harald., Aviv Melamud., and Anna Peczeli. 2013. “From Nuclear Weapons to WMD: The Development and Added Value of the WMD-Free Zone Concept.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2013/eu-non-proliferation-papers/nuclear-weapons-wmd-development-and-added-value-wmd-free-zone-concept
Mulyaman, Darynaufal. 2020. A Peculiar Case of North Korean Succession: What Should We Expect?. Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. http://www.inadis.org/blog/2020/5/11/a-peculiar-case-of-north-korean-succession-what-should-we-expect
NTI. 2021. North Korea: Overview. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/
Sang-Hun, Choe. 2020. “Defying U.N. Ban, Chinese Ships Pay North Korea to Fish in Its Waters.” Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/world/asia/north-korea-squid-sanctions-china.html
Schorn, Daniel. 2006. “North Korea: The Hermit Kingdom.” Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-the-hermit-kingdom/
Silberstein, Benjamin Katzeff. 2019. “The true impact of North Korean Sanctions.” Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/07/03/the-true-impact-of-north-korean-sanctions/
The Fish Site. 2019. “North Korea: salmon farming’s next superpower?”. Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://thefishsite.com/articles/could-north-korea-be-salmon-farmings-next-superpower
United Nations. 2006. “Security Council Condemns Nuclear Test by Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1718.” Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8853.doc.htm
Yi, Sangchoul., Chang-mo Ma., dan InJoo Yoon. 2017. "A new paradigm for tourism development in North Korea". Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 12. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2017/Academic_Papers_Visual/
Jurnal
Ahn, M. 2011. “What Is the Root Cause of the North Korean Nuclear Program?” Asian Affairs, 38(4), 175-187. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23526518
Frank, R. 2006. “THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SANCTIONS AGAINST NORTH KOREA.” Asian Perspective, 30(3), 5-36. Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42704552
Gordon, J. 1999. “Economic Sanctions, Just War Doctrine, and the "Fearful Spectacle of the Civilian Dead". CrossCurrents, 49(3), 387-400. Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24460472
Hsieh, J. F., & Hu, X. 2007. “The North Korean Nuclear Crisis: An Introduction.” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 42(3-4), 227-232. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021909607076700
Kim, S. 1993. “Recent Economic Policies of North Korea: Analysis and Recommendations.” Asian Survey, 33(9), 864-878. Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. doi:10.2307/2645234
Mikheev, V. 2013. “The North Korean Nuclear Issue and The Northeast Asia Situation: Retrospect and Prospect.” The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 27(1), 75-98. Diakses pada 17 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23595530
Noland, M. 2009. “The (Non-) Impact of UN Sanctions on North Korea.” Asia Policy, (7), 61-88. Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24904901
Song, Y.S. 1991. “North Korea's nuclear issue.” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 10, 61-81. Diakses pada 10 Juni 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03025074
Balaam, David N., & Dillman, Bradford. 2013. Introduction to International Political Economy. United Kingdom: Routledge.
French, Paul. 2014. North Korea State of Paranoia. New York: Zed Books.
Kratochwil, Friedrich V. 1989. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oh, K.,& Hassig, R. 2000. North Korea through the Looking Glass. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Onuf, Nicholas. 1989. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Park, Hans S. 2012. North Korea Demystified. Cambria Press
Snyder, Scott. 2007. “U.S.-North Korean Negotiating Behavior and the Six-Party Talks.” Dalam North Korea’s Second Nuclear Crisis and Northeast Asian Security, diedit oleh Seung-Ho Joo dan Tae-Hwan Kwak. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Theys, Sarina. 2017. “Constructivism.” Dalam International Relations Theory, diedit oleh McGlonchey, S., Walters, R., & Scheinpflug, C, 36--41. Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing.
Wendt, A. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolf, C., & Akrimov, K. 2005. “Size, Growth, and Structure of the North Korean Economy.” Dalam North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and Consequences of Korean Unification, 9-20. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
Sumber Internet
Arms Control Association. 2020. “Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat
Avery, Emma Chanlett dan Ian E. Reinhart. 2014. “North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situations.” Diakses pada 10 Juni 2021. https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20141205_R41259_6c1df0294d1bf2865348bede886b9b051218608a.pdf
BBC. 2017. “China imposes import bans on North Korean iron, coal and seafood.” Diakes pada 9 Juni. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40932427
BBC. 2017. “North Korea nuclear tests: What did they achieve?” Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17823706
Berlinger, Joshua. 2020. “North Korea ‘ghost ships’ washed up in Japan because of China’s ‘dark’ fishing fleet, NGO says.” Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/23/asia/north-korea-ghost-ships-intl-hnk/index.html
Bossuyt, Marc J. 2000. “The adverse consequences of economic sanctions on the enjoyment of human rights.” Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/419880
Clapper, James R. 2014. “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Intelligence%20Reports/2014%20WWTA%20%20SFR_SSCI_29_Jan.pdf
Cordesman, A., Ayers, C., & Lin, A. 2016. “North Korean Nuclear Forces and the Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction in Northeast Asia.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.csis.org/analysis/north-korean-nuclear-forces-and-threat-weapons-mass-destruction-northeast-asia
Global Policy Forum. 2020. Sanctions Against North Korea. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://archive.globalpolicy.org/security-council/index-of-countries-on-the-security-council-agenda/north-korea.html
Müller, Harald., Aviv Melamud., and Anna Peczeli. 2013. “From Nuclear Weapons to WMD: The Development and Added Value of the WMD-Free Zone Concept.” Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2013/eu-non-proliferation-papers/nuclear-weapons-wmd-development-and-added-value-wmd-free-zone-concept
Mulyaman, Darynaufal. 2020. A Peculiar Case of North Korean Succession: What Should We Expect?. Diakses pada 4 Juni 2021. http://www.inadis.org/blog/2020/5/11/a-peculiar-case-of-north-korean-succession-what-should-we-expect
NTI. 2021. North Korea: Overview. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/
Sang-Hun, Choe. 2020. “Defying U.N. Ban, Chinese Ships Pay North Korea to Fish in Its Waters.” Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/world/asia/north-korea-squid-sanctions-china.html
Schorn, Daniel. 2006. “North Korea: The Hermit Kingdom.” Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-the-hermit-kingdom/
Silberstein, Benjamin Katzeff. 2019. “The true impact of North Korean Sanctions.” Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/07/03/the-true-impact-of-north-korean-sanctions/
The Fish Site. 2019. “North Korea: salmon farming’s next superpower?”. Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. https://thefishsite.com/articles/could-north-korea-be-salmon-farmings-next-superpower
United Nations. 2006. “Security Council Condemns Nuclear Test by Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1718.” Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8853.doc.htm
Yi, Sangchoul., Chang-mo Ma., dan InJoo Yoon. 2017. "A new paradigm for tourism development in North Korea". Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 12. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2017/Academic_Papers_Visual/
Jurnal
Ahn, M. 2011. “What Is the Root Cause of the North Korean Nuclear Program?” Asian Affairs, 38(4), 175-187. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23526518
Frank, R. 2006. “THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SANCTIONS AGAINST NORTH KOREA.” Asian Perspective, 30(3), 5-36. Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42704552
Gordon, J. 1999. “Economic Sanctions, Just War Doctrine, and the "Fearful Spectacle of the Civilian Dead". CrossCurrents, 49(3), 387-400. Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24460472
Hsieh, J. F., & Hu, X. 2007. “The North Korean Nuclear Crisis: An Introduction.” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 42(3-4), 227-232. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021909607076700
Kim, S. 1993. “Recent Economic Policies of North Korea: Analysis and Recommendations.” Asian Survey, 33(9), 864-878. Diakses pada 9 Juni 2021. doi:10.2307/2645234
Mikheev, V. 2013. “The North Korean Nuclear Issue and The Northeast Asia Situation: Retrospect and Prospect.” The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 27(1), 75-98. Diakses pada 17 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23595530
Noland, M. 2009. “The (Non-) Impact of UN Sanctions on North Korea.” Asia Policy, (7), 61-88. Diakses pada 8 Juni 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24904901
Song, Y.S. 1991. “North Korea's nuclear issue.” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 10, 61-81. Diakses pada 10 Juni 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03025074
Published
2021-12-09
How to Cite
Setiawan, T., Sukmaniara, M., Komboy, J., & Mulyaman, D. (2021). PENGAYAAN SENJATA NUKLIR SEBAGAI MODAL EKONOMI KOREA UTARA, 6(02), 212 - 231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v6i2.640
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
