Indonesia's Energy Security Strategy through the Just Energy Transition Partnership: Implications for Energy Sovereignty
Keywords:
Indonesia, JETP, Energy Security, Energy Sovereignty, Energy Transition
Abstract
Global energy instability has encouraged countries to position energy as a strategic commodity. This article examines how the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) influenced Indonesia’s energy security and its implications for energy sovereignty during 2022-2024. Drawing on Cherp and Jewell’s (2011) sovereignty perspective, the study employs qualitative research of primary and secondary data through three dimensions: control over the energy system, diversification and reduction of external vulnerabilities, and autonomy in energy transition governance. The findings show that JETP partially strengthens Indonesia’s energy sovereignty by diversifying the power sector, expanding transition capacity, and preserving national policy leadership. However, by 2024, Indonesia’s energy system remained dependent on fossil and imported fuels, while the transition was increasingly tied to foreign financing and technology. The article argues that JETP doesn’t eliminate vulnerability but shifts dependence towards external capital and technological networks. Thus, the JETP’s role in strengthening Indonesia’s energy security remains partial.
References
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JETP Secretariat Indonesia. (2023). Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan 2023.
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MEMR. (2023a). Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2022.
MEMR. (2023b, February 16). Sekretariat JETP Terbentuk, Siap Realisasikan Kerja Sama Pendanaan Transisi Energi. MEMR. https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/sekretariat-jetp-terbentuk-siap-realisasikan-kerja-sama-pendanaan-transisi-energi
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MEMR. (2025). Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2024.
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Nugroho, H., Widyastuti, N. L., & Rustandi, D. (2023). Is Indonesia Really Prepared for The Energy Transition? An Analysis of Readiness for Regulations, Institutions, Finance, and Manpower Aspects. In A. Kiswantono & R. M. Shoedarto (Eds.), Indonesia’s energy transition preparedness framework towards 2045 (pp. 89–122). BRIN Publishing. https://doi.org/10.55981/brin.892.c813
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Rizqia, A. M., & Wulansari, I. (2026). Implementation of Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Madani, 8(1), 1–10. https://journal.paramadina.ac.id/
Sandria, A., Adji, K. D., & Prabowo, J. J. (2023). Exceptions for stop building coal-fired power plants in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 467. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346705007
Setiawan, A., Mentari, D. M., Hakam, D. F., & Saraswani, R. (2025). From Climate Risks to Resilient Energy Systems: Addressing the Implications of Climate Change on Indonesia’s Energy Policy. Energies, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092389
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Suzuki, M., Jewell, J., & Cherp, A. (2023). Have climate policies accelerated energy transitions? Historical evolution of electricity mix in the G7 and the EU compared to net-zero targets. Energy Research and Social Science, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103281
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UNEP. (2009). GLOBAL GREEN NEW DEAL POLICY BRIEF.
Vinichenko, V., Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2021). Historical precedents and feasibility of rapid coal and gas decline required for the 1.5°C target. One Earth, 4(10), 1477–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.09.012
von Lüpke, H. (2025). The just energy transition partnership in South Africa: Identification and assessment of key factors driving international cooperation. Earth System Governance, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2025.100274
Walde, T. W. (2008). US Foreign Oil Policy since World War I - For Profits and Security. The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 1(1), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwn002
Wardhana, A. R., Aji, P., Prasetyo, K., Ma’Rifatullah, W. H., & Budiarto, R. (2024). Breakthrough on Indonesia’s Energy Policy: Adaptive Governance Perspective for Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2828(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2828/1/012001
Alshwawra, A., & Almuhtady, A. (2020). Impact of regional conflicts on energy security in Jordan. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9031
APEC. (2025). APEC Energy Statistics 2022.
Ardyanto, F., Thamrin, S., & Laksmono, R. (2025). Analysis of Human Resources Readiness in Supporting Energy Transition for National Energy Security. Journal of Geosciences and Environmental Studies, 2(3), 14. https://doi.org/10.53697/ijgaes.v2i3.4936
Bachtiar, R., Naufal, M., & Safira, S. (2023). JETP - The Commencement of Just Energy Transition Partnership. ARMA LAW.
Belov, V. B. (2022). A Paradigm Change in Energy Cooperation between Germany and Russia. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 92, S512–S520. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331622120024
BPS - Statistics Indonesia. (2025). Energy Balance of Indonesia 2020-2024.
Business Indonesia. (2026). Energy Overview. Business Indonesia. https://business-indonesia.org/energy_overview
Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2011). The three perspectives on energy security: Intellectual history, disciplinary roots and the potential for integration. In Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (Vol. 3, Number 4, pp. 202–212). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.07.001
Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2014). The concept of energy security: Beyond the four as. Energy Policy, 75, 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.005
Cherp, A., Jewell, J., Vinichenko, V., Bauer, N., & De Cian, E. (2016). Global energy security under different climate policies, GDP growth rates and fossil resource availabilities. Climatic Change, 136(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0950-x
Dannreuther, R. (2017). Energy Security. Polity Press.
Dannreuther, R. (2024). Oil, materiality and International Relations. International Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178241231726
East Asia Forum. (2016, September 26). Indonesia and the revolution in Asian energy markets. East Asia Forum.
Gribkova, D., & Milshina, Y. (2022). Energy Transition as a Response to Energy Challenges in Post-Pandemic Reality. Energies, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030812
Guild, J., & Chen, J. (2019). “Jokowinomics”: Has It Worked? www.rsis.edu.sg
Harding, B., & Searight, A. (2019, October 18). Jokowi 2.0: Policy, Politics, and Prospects for Reform. Https://Www.Csis.Org/Analysis/Jokowi-20-Policy-Politics-and-Prospects-Reform.
Heriyanto, D. (2018, December 5). Here are Jokowi-Ma’ruf’s nine “missions” for 2019’s presidential poll. Https://Www.Thejakartapost.Com/News/2018/12/04/Here-Are-Jokowi-Marufs-Nine-Missions-for-2019s-Presidential-Poll.Html?
IEA. (2025). World Energy Balance. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances
IESR. (2020). National Energy General Plan (RUEN): Existing Plan, Current Policies Implication, and Energy Transition Scenario. https://iesr.or.id/pustaka/ruen-existing-plan-current-policies-and-energy-transition-scenario/
IESR. (2022). Indonesia Energy Transition Outlook 2023: Tracking Progress of Energy Transition in Indonesia: Pursuing Energy Security in the Time of Transition.
International Partners Group, & Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Joint Statement: Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) Indonesia. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/statement_22_6892/STATEMENT_22_6892_EN.pdf
Iriani, M. L. (2022). THE ENERGY TRANSITION DILEMMA IN EUROPEAN UNION (EU) REGION. Jurnal Dinamika Global, 7(01), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v7i01.980
Iyke, B. N. (2024). Climate change, energy security risk, and clean energy investment. Energy Economics, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107225
Jaffe, A. M. (2019, September 19). Iran’s militarized oil blackmail exposes failure of deterrence. AXIOS.
Jazuli, M. R., Roll, K., & Mulugetta, Y. (2024). A review of Indonesia’s JETP through the dynamics of its policy regime. Global Policy, 15(15), 989–1006. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13452
JETP Secretariat Indonesia. (n.d.). About Us. JETP Secretariat Indonesia.
JETP Secretariat Indonesia. (2023). Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan 2023.
JETP Secretariat Indonesia. (2024, August 7). JETP Grant Mapping. Https://Jetp-Id.Org/.
Jewell, J., & Cherp, A. (2023). The feasibility of climate action: Bridging the inside and the outside view through feasibility spaces. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change (Vol. 14, Number 5). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.838
Johnstone, I. (2022). Global governance and the Global Green New Deal: the G7’s role. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01046-2
Jong, H. N. (2022, November 16). Indonesia seals $20 billion deal with G7 to speed up clean energy transition. Https://News.Mongabay.Com/2022/11/Indonesia-Seals-20-Billion-Deal-with-G7-to-Speed-up-Clean-Energy-Transition/.
Karg, A., Gupta, J., & Chen, Y. (2025). Just Energy Transition Partnerships: An inclusive climate finance approach? Energy Research and Social Science, 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104103
Lamont, C. (2015). Research Methods in International Relations. London: SAGE Publications.
Larasati, L. K., & Mafira, T. (2023, December 5). Highlights from Indonesia’s JETP Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan. Https://Www.Climatepolicyinitiative.Org/Highlights-from-Indonesias-Jetp-Comprehensive-Investment-and-Policy-Plan/.
Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2022). Reducing CO2 emissions in G7 countries: The role of clean energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization. Energy Reports, 8, 704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.238
Loy, N., Rachmawati, I.-, Issundari, S., & Soesilo, J. (2024). Barriers to Indonesia’s Energy Transition. The Indonesian Journal of Planning and Development, 9(2), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijpd.9.2.54-65
Massagony, A., Pandit, R., & White, B. (2025). Political economy of energy policy in Indonesia towards net zero emissions by 2060. Energy for Sustainable Development, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101757
MEMR. (2020). Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2019.
MEMR. (2023a). Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2022.
MEMR. (2023b, February 16). Sekretariat JETP Terbentuk, Siap Realisasikan Kerja Sama Pendanaan Transisi Energi. MEMR. https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/sekretariat-jetp-terbentuk-siap-realisasikan-kerja-sama-pendanaan-transisi-energi
MEMR. (2024). Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistic of Indonesia 2023.
MEMR. (2025). Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2024.
Muyasyaroh, A. P. (2024). Rethinking Energy Security in Indonesia from a Net Zero Perspective. Indonesian Journal of Energy, 7(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v7i1.197
Nugroho, H., Widyastuti, N. L., & Rustandi, D. (2023). Is Indonesia Really Prepared for The Energy Transition? An Analysis of Readiness for Regulations, Institutions, Finance, and Manpower Aspects. In A. Kiswantono & R. M. Shoedarto (Eds.), Indonesia’s energy transition preparedness framework towards 2045 (pp. 89–122). BRIN Publishing. https://doi.org/10.55981/brin.892.c813
Plank, F., Daum, B., Muntschick, J., Knodt, M., Hasse, C., Ott, I., & Niemann, A. (2023). Hydrogen: Fueling EU-Morocco Energy Cooperation? Middle East Policy, 30(3), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12699
PLN. (2025). Statistics PLN 2024.
PT PLN. (2026). Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). Https://Web.Pln.Co.Id/Pln-Jetp/Jetp-Home.
Rahmanitya, N., & Ardiansyah, P. (2023). Indonesia’s Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) as a Strategy for Achieving Energy Security. Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs, 4(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.51413/jisea.vol4.iss1.2023.1-14
Ramluckun, R., Malumbazo, N., & Ngubevana, L. (2024). A Review of the Energy Policies of the BRICS Countries: The Possibility of Adopting a Just Energy Transition for South Africa. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 16, Number 2). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020703
Ray, D., & Ing, L. Y. (2016). Addressing Indonesia’s Infrastructure Deficit. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2016.1162266
Republic of Indonesia. (2017). Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2017 Tentang Rencana Umum Energi Nasional [Presidential Regulation Number 22 of 2017 concerning the National Energy General Plan]. President of the Republic of Indonesia. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/72238/perpres-no-22-tahun-2017
Republic of Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 55 Tahun 2019 tentang Percepatan Program Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai [Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 concerning the Acceleration of the Battery Electric Vehicle Program]. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/116973/perpres-no-55-tahun-2019
Resosudarmo, B. P., Rezki, J. F., & Effendi, Y. (2023). Prospects of Energy Transition in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(2), 149–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2023.2238336
Ritchie, H., & Rosado, P. (2025). Energy. OurWorldinData.Org. https://ourworldindata.org/profile/energy/indonesia
Rizqia, A. M., & Wulansari, I. (2026). Implementation of Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Madani, 8(1), 1–10. https://journal.paramadina.ac.id/
Sandria, A., Adji, K. D., & Prabowo, J. J. (2023). Exceptions for stop building coal-fired power plants in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 467. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346705007
Setiawan, A., Mentari, D. M., Hakam, D. F., & Saraswani, R. (2025). From Climate Risks to Resilient Energy Systems: Addressing the Implications of Climate Change on Indonesia’s Energy Policy. Energies, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092389
Simanjuntak, U. (2023, November 2). Draft CIPP Targets 44 Percent Renewable Energy Mix by 2030. IESR. https://iesr.or.id/en/draft-cipp-targets-44-percent-renewable-energy-mix-by-2030/
Smith, G. (2015, July 14). Oil Prices Slide on Iran Nuclear Deal. TIME.
Suzuki, M., Jewell, J., & Cherp, A. (2023). Have climate policies accelerated energy transitions? Historical evolution of electricity mix in the G7 and the EU compared to net-zero targets. Energy Research and Social Science, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103281
Tarigan, E. (2025). Role of Solar Photovoltaic Energy in GHG Emission Reduction within Indonesia’s Long-Term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience 2050. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 15(2), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.18352
Thura Zan, T., Dokk Smith, I., Overland, I., & Pradnyaswari, I. (2025). Transaction costs of the Indonesian Just Energy Transition Partnership. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1511(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1511/1/012012
UNEP. (2009). GLOBAL GREEN NEW DEAL POLICY BRIEF.
Vinichenko, V., Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2021). Historical precedents and feasibility of rapid coal and gas decline required for the 1.5°C target. One Earth, 4(10), 1477–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.09.012
von Lüpke, H. (2025). The just energy transition partnership in South Africa: Identification and assessment of key factors driving international cooperation. Earth System Governance, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2025.100274
Walde, T. W. (2008). US Foreign Oil Policy since World War I - For Profits and Security. The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 1(1), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwn002
Wardhana, A. R., Aji, P., Prasetyo, K., Ma’Rifatullah, W. H., & Budiarto, R. (2024). Breakthrough on Indonesia’s Energy Policy: Adaptive Governance Perspective for Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2828(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2828/1/012001
Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
Mumtaz, F., & Suryadipura, D. (2026). Indonesia’s Energy Security Strategy through the Just Energy Transition Partnership: Implications for Energy Sovereignty. Jurnal Dinamika Global, 11(1), 70-87. https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v11i1.5527
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