PERUBAHAN RESPON TIONGKOK TERHADAP UJI COBA NUKLIR KOREA UTARA (2013-2018)
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze about China’s change of response toward North Korea’s nuclear test. In this paper, there are three important points of discussion. The first discussion will be explained about the beginning and the progress of China and North Korea’s relations. The second discussion is about China’s response toward North Korea’s nuclear test under Hu Jintao’s leadership. The last discussion is about how and why the response of China toward North Korea nuclear program changed under Xi Jinping’s leadership. This paper use qualitative method with the secondary data, and use the Foreign Policy Making Theory with the Bilateral Relations concept to the research of those discussion. The result of this analysis shows that there four determinants that influence China’s change of response toward North Korea’s nuclear test, they are international context, decision maker, domestic politics, and economy and military condition.
References
Buku
Coplin, William D. 1992. Pengantar Politik Internasional: Suatu Telaah Teoritis. Sinar Baru: Bandung.
Tiejun, Yu, Yuanzhe, Ren dan Junsheng, Wang. 2016. Chinese Perspectives towards The Korean Peninsula in The Aftermath of North Korea’s Fourth Nuclear Test. Stimson Center.
Jurnal
Duchâtel, Mathieu dan Schell Phillip. 2013. China’s Policy on North Korea Economic Engagement and Nuclear Disarmament. Research, hal 1-66. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Glaser, Bonnie S. 2009. China’s Policy in the Wake of the Second DPRK Nuclear Test. Journal of China Security, 5 (2), hal 1-11.
Heungkyu, Kim. 2010. Evolving China’s Foreign Policy in Northeast Asia under Hu Jintao’s Leadership and Implications to Korea-China Relations. Paper, hal 1-10. Dipresentasikan di workshop Pusat Kebijakan Amerika – Korea oleh Professor Kim Heungkyu dari Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security.
Hochul, Lee. 2014. Rising China and the Evolution of China-North Korea Relations. The Korean Journal of International Studies, vol.12, hal 99-111.
Hong, Sukhoon. 2014. What Does North Korea Want from China? Understanding Pyongyang’s Policy Priorities toward Beijing. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 12 (1), hal 277-303.
Meick, Ethan dan Salidjanova, Nargiza. 2017. China’s Response to U.S.-South Korean Missile Defense System Deployment and its Implications. Staff Research Report, 1-16. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
Ru, Sun. 2016. Beijing And Pyongyang: A "Special Friendship" Facing The Final Curtain. Research, hal 1-15. Research. Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI).
Sangsoo, Lee. 2016. Xi Jinping’s Foreign Policy toward North Korea. Orientaliska Studier Journal, no.148. NAJAKS Conference Stockholm University, Nordic Association of Japanese and Korean Studies.
Shen, Zhihua dan Xia, Yafeng. 2012. China and the Post-War Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953-1961. Working Paper, hal 1-92. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Su, Fei dan Saalman, Lora. 2017. China’s Engagement of North Korea Challenges and Opportunities for Europe. Research, hal 1-53. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Sutter, Robert. 2007. China’s Foreign Policy toward North Korea—A US Perspective. International Journal of Korean Studies, 9 (2), hal 159-181.
Tago, Atsushi. 2017. Multilateralism, Bilateralism, and Unilateralism in Foreign Policy. Journal and Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press USA. Hal 1-18.
Zaharia, Andreea Alina. 2016. United States, China and the North Korean Nuclear Program. Journal of Danubius University, 9 (1), hal 90-98.
Referensi “di dalam”
Duchâtel, M. dan Schell, P. 2013. China’s Policy on North Korea: Economic Engagement and Nuclear Disarmament. SIPRI Policy Paper no. 40. Diakses dari http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=470. Dikutip dalam: Su, Fei dan Saalman, Lora. 2017. China’s Engagement of North Korea Challenges and Opportunities for Europe. Research, hal 1. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Government of the People’s Republic of China. 2013. Wang Yi Emphasizes Three Positions on Korean Peninsula Affairs. Diakses dari http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2013-04/13/content_2377184.htm. Dikutip dalam: Su, Fei dan Saalman, Lora. 2017. China’s Engagement of North Korea Challenges and Opportunities for Europe. Research. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Hal 8.
Yonhap News. 2011. China Hopes for ‘Stability’ after Jang’s Execution. Diakses dari www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-newsagency/131213/china-hopes-stability-after-jangs-execution. Dikutip dalam: Hong, Sukhoon. 2014. What Does North Korea Want from China? Understanding Pyongyang’s Policy Priorities toward Beijing. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 12 (1). Hal 290.
Website
KBS World Radio. 2017a. Catatan tentang nuklir dan rudal Korea Utara. Diakses dari http://world.kbs.co.kr/special/northkorea/contents/history/nucleus_history.htm?lang=i#his2010 pada tanggal 9 Oktober 2017.
KBS World Radio. 2017b. Dewan Keamanan PBB Mengesahkan Resolusi Sanksi Baru Terhadap Korea Utara. Diakses dari http://world.kbs.co.kr/special/northkorea/contents/news/koreatoday_view.htm?No=3038&lang=i pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2017.
Liang, Xiaodon. 2018. The Six Party Talks at a Glance. Diakses dari https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/6partytalks pada tanggal 18 Desember 2018.
Nuclear Threat Initiative. 2018. North Korea’s Nuclear History. Diakses dari https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/nuclear/ pada tanggal 3 Maret 2019.
Sooeun, Yong. Tanpa tahun. Why is China important? Diakses dari https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/korea-global-context/0/steps/18341 pada tanggal 25 Juli 2019.
Berita
BBC Indonesia. 2017. Cina memberlakukan sanksi dagang terhadap Korea Utara. Diakses dari https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-41370754 pada tanggal 29 Maret 2019.
BBC. 2018. North Korea profile – Timeline. Diakses dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15278612 pada tanggal 30 Desember 2018.
China Daily. 2010. 180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War. Diakses dari http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/28/content_20365659.htm pada tanggal 12 Februari 2019.
Chhor, Khatya. 2017. France 24. China pushes for new six-party talks as N. Korea crisis enters ‘critical’ phase. Diakses dari https://www.france24.com/en/20170806-china-new-six-party-talks-north-korea-nuclear-crisis-critical-un-sanctions pada tanggal 24 Mei 2019.
Deutsche Welle. 2006. Resolusi Keras PBB untuk Korea Utara Disahkan. Diakses dari https://www.dw.com/id/resolusi-keras-pbb-untuk-korea-utara-disahkan/a-2935205 pada tanggal 3 Januari 2019.
Easley, Leif-Eric. 2019. Washington Post. Why China takes a middle-of-the-road policy toward North Korea. Diakses dari https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/02/28/why-china-takes-middle-of-the-road-policy-toward-north-korea/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.072fc322bc70 pada tanggal 2 Juli 2019.
Fitria, Devi. 2010. Persepsi China tentang Korea Utara. Diakses dari https://historia.id/politik/articles/persepsi-china-tentang-korea-utara-6mxrP pada tanggal 10 Maret 2019.
Hasan, Rizki Akbar. 2017. Liputan 6. Hubungan China-Korut dari Sekutu Dekat Mengarah ke Seteru? Diakses dari https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/2941208/hubungan-china-korut-dari-sekutu-dekat-mengarah-ke-seteru pada tanggal 12 Februari 2019.
Huang, Kristin. 2017. South China Morning Post. How China responded to previous North Korean nuclear tests. Diakses dari https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2109692/how-china-responded-previous-north-korean-nuclear-tests pada tanggal 15 Maret 2019.
Mata Mata Politik. 2018. Angkatan Laut China Mampu Buat Sanksi Korea Utara Lebih ‘Menggigit’. Diakses dari https://www.matamatapolitik.com/angkatan-laut-china-mampu-buat-sanksi-korea-utara-lebih-menggigit/ pada tanggal 8 April 2019.
Susilo, Richard. 2017. Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB Sepakat tidak Memblokir Ekspor Minyak ke Korea Utara. Diakses dari http://www.tribunnews.com/internasional/2017/09/12/resolusi-dewan-keamanan-pbb-sepakat-tidak-memblokir-ekspor-minyak-ke-korea-utara pada tanggal 27 Juni 2019.
Tass. 2018. Revival of six-party talks on North Korea unlikely now —Russian ambassador. Diakses dari https://tass.com/politics/989032 pada tanggal 20 Juni 2019.
Tempo. 2017a. Berbagai Sanksi PBB untuk Korea Utara dalam 11 Tahun. Diakses dari https://dunia.tempo.co/read/910196/berbagai-sanksi-pbb-untuk-korea-utara-dalam-11-tahun pada tanggal 30 Desember 2018.
Tempo. 2017b. Sejarah Program Senjata Nuklir Korea Utara. Diakses dari https://dunia.tempo.co/read/866883/sejarah-program-senjata-nuklir-korea-utara pada tanggal 7 Maret 2019.
Zhang, Hui. 2009. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The North Korean Nuclear Test: The Chinese Reaction. Diakses dari https://thebulletin.org/2009/06/the-north-korean-nuclear-test-the-chinese-reaction/#sf_form_salesforce_w2l_lead_1 pada tanggal 15 Maret 2019.
Coplin, William D. 1992. Pengantar Politik Internasional: Suatu Telaah Teoritis. Sinar Baru: Bandung.
Tiejun, Yu, Yuanzhe, Ren dan Junsheng, Wang. 2016. Chinese Perspectives towards The Korean Peninsula in The Aftermath of North Korea’s Fourth Nuclear Test. Stimson Center.
Jurnal
Duchâtel, Mathieu dan Schell Phillip. 2013. China’s Policy on North Korea Economic Engagement and Nuclear Disarmament. Research, hal 1-66. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Glaser, Bonnie S. 2009. China’s Policy in the Wake of the Second DPRK Nuclear Test. Journal of China Security, 5 (2), hal 1-11.
Heungkyu, Kim. 2010. Evolving China’s Foreign Policy in Northeast Asia under Hu Jintao’s Leadership and Implications to Korea-China Relations. Paper, hal 1-10. Dipresentasikan di workshop Pusat Kebijakan Amerika – Korea oleh Professor Kim Heungkyu dari Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security.
Hochul, Lee. 2014. Rising China and the Evolution of China-North Korea Relations. The Korean Journal of International Studies, vol.12, hal 99-111.
Hong, Sukhoon. 2014. What Does North Korea Want from China? Understanding Pyongyang’s Policy Priorities toward Beijing. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 12 (1), hal 277-303.
Meick, Ethan dan Salidjanova, Nargiza. 2017. China’s Response to U.S.-South Korean Missile Defense System Deployment and its Implications. Staff Research Report, 1-16. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
Ru, Sun. 2016. Beijing And Pyongyang: A "Special Friendship" Facing The Final Curtain. Research, hal 1-15. Research. Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI).
Sangsoo, Lee. 2016. Xi Jinping’s Foreign Policy toward North Korea. Orientaliska Studier Journal, no.148. NAJAKS Conference Stockholm University, Nordic Association of Japanese and Korean Studies.
Shen, Zhihua dan Xia, Yafeng. 2012. China and the Post-War Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953-1961. Working Paper, hal 1-92. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Su, Fei dan Saalman, Lora. 2017. China’s Engagement of North Korea Challenges and Opportunities for Europe. Research, hal 1-53. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Sutter, Robert. 2007. China’s Foreign Policy toward North Korea—A US Perspective. International Journal of Korean Studies, 9 (2), hal 159-181.
Tago, Atsushi. 2017. Multilateralism, Bilateralism, and Unilateralism in Foreign Policy. Journal and Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press USA. Hal 1-18.
Zaharia, Andreea Alina. 2016. United States, China and the North Korean Nuclear Program. Journal of Danubius University, 9 (1), hal 90-98.
Referensi “di dalam”
Duchâtel, M. dan Schell, P. 2013. China’s Policy on North Korea: Economic Engagement and Nuclear Disarmament. SIPRI Policy Paper no. 40. Diakses dari http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=470. Dikutip dalam: Su, Fei dan Saalman, Lora. 2017. China’s Engagement of North Korea Challenges and Opportunities for Europe. Research, hal 1. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Government of the People’s Republic of China. 2013. Wang Yi Emphasizes Three Positions on Korean Peninsula Affairs. Diakses dari http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2013-04/13/content_2377184.htm. Dikutip dalam: Su, Fei dan Saalman, Lora. 2017. China’s Engagement of North Korea Challenges and Opportunities for Europe. Research. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Hal 8.
Yonhap News. 2011. China Hopes for ‘Stability’ after Jang’s Execution. Diakses dari www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-newsagency/131213/china-hopes-stability-after-jangs-execution. Dikutip dalam: Hong, Sukhoon. 2014. What Does North Korea Want from China? Understanding Pyongyang’s Policy Priorities toward Beijing. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 12 (1). Hal 290.
Website
KBS World Radio. 2017a. Catatan tentang nuklir dan rudal Korea Utara. Diakses dari http://world.kbs.co.kr/special/northkorea/contents/history/nucleus_history.htm?lang=i#his2010 pada tanggal 9 Oktober 2017.
KBS World Radio. 2017b. Dewan Keamanan PBB Mengesahkan Resolusi Sanksi Baru Terhadap Korea Utara. Diakses dari http://world.kbs.co.kr/special/northkorea/contents/news/koreatoday_view.htm?No=3038&lang=i pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2017.
Liang, Xiaodon. 2018. The Six Party Talks at a Glance. Diakses dari https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/6partytalks pada tanggal 18 Desember 2018.
Nuclear Threat Initiative. 2018. North Korea’s Nuclear History. Diakses dari https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/nuclear/ pada tanggal 3 Maret 2019.
Sooeun, Yong. Tanpa tahun. Why is China important? Diakses dari https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/korea-global-context/0/steps/18341 pada tanggal 25 Juli 2019.
Berita
BBC Indonesia. 2017. Cina memberlakukan sanksi dagang terhadap Korea Utara. Diakses dari https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-41370754 pada tanggal 29 Maret 2019.
BBC. 2018. North Korea profile – Timeline. Diakses dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15278612 pada tanggal 30 Desember 2018.
China Daily. 2010. 180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War. Diakses dari http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/28/content_20365659.htm pada tanggal 12 Februari 2019.
Chhor, Khatya. 2017. France 24. China pushes for new six-party talks as N. Korea crisis enters ‘critical’ phase. Diakses dari https://www.france24.com/en/20170806-china-new-six-party-talks-north-korea-nuclear-crisis-critical-un-sanctions pada tanggal 24 Mei 2019.
Deutsche Welle. 2006. Resolusi Keras PBB untuk Korea Utara Disahkan. Diakses dari https://www.dw.com/id/resolusi-keras-pbb-untuk-korea-utara-disahkan/a-2935205 pada tanggal 3 Januari 2019.
Easley, Leif-Eric. 2019. Washington Post. Why China takes a middle-of-the-road policy toward North Korea. Diakses dari https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/02/28/why-china-takes-middle-of-the-road-policy-toward-north-korea/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.072fc322bc70 pada tanggal 2 Juli 2019.
Fitria, Devi. 2010. Persepsi China tentang Korea Utara. Diakses dari https://historia.id/politik/articles/persepsi-china-tentang-korea-utara-6mxrP pada tanggal 10 Maret 2019.
Hasan, Rizki Akbar. 2017. Liputan 6. Hubungan China-Korut dari Sekutu Dekat Mengarah ke Seteru? Diakses dari https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/2941208/hubungan-china-korut-dari-sekutu-dekat-mengarah-ke-seteru pada tanggal 12 Februari 2019.
Huang, Kristin. 2017. South China Morning Post. How China responded to previous North Korean nuclear tests. Diakses dari https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2109692/how-china-responded-previous-north-korean-nuclear-tests pada tanggal 15 Maret 2019.
Mata Mata Politik. 2018. Angkatan Laut China Mampu Buat Sanksi Korea Utara Lebih ‘Menggigit’. Diakses dari https://www.matamatapolitik.com/angkatan-laut-china-mampu-buat-sanksi-korea-utara-lebih-menggigit/ pada tanggal 8 April 2019.
Susilo, Richard. 2017. Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB Sepakat tidak Memblokir Ekspor Minyak ke Korea Utara. Diakses dari http://www.tribunnews.com/internasional/2017/09/12/resolusi-dewan-keamanan-pbb-sepakat-tidak-memblokir-ekspor-minyak-ke-korea-utara pada tanggal 27 Juni 2019.
Tass. 2018. Revival of six-party talks on North Korea unlikely now —Russian ambassador. Diakses dari https://tass.com/politics/989032 pada tanggal 20 Juni 2019.
Tempo. 2017a. Berbagai Sanksi PBB untuk Korea Utara dalam 11 Tahun. Diakses dari https://dunia.tempo.co/read/910196/berbagai-sanksi-pbb-untuk-korea-utara-dalam-11-tahun pada tanggal 30 Desember 2018.
Tempo. 2017b. Sejarah Program Senjata Nuklir Korea Utara. Diakses dari https://dunia.tempo.co/read/866883/sejarah-program-senjata-nuklir-korea-utara pada tanggal 7 Maret 2019.
Zhang, Hui. 2009. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The North Korean Nuclear Test: The Chinese Reaction. Diakses dari https://thebulletin.org/2009/06/the-north-korean-nuclear-test-the-chinese-reaction/#sf_form_salesforce_w2l_lead_1 pada tanggal 15 Maret 2019.
Published
2020-12-10
How to Cite
Miryanti, R., & Pridarita, G. (2020). PERUBAHAN RESPON TIONGKOK TERHADAP UJI COBA NUKLIR KOREA UTARA (2013-2018). Dinamika Global : Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 5(02), 189-218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v5i02.196
Section
Articles
Copyright Notice
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shall be assigned to Jurnal Dinamika Global, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani as publisher of the journal.
Copyright encompasses rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms, and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations.
Jurnal Dinamika Global, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani and the Editors make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in Jurnal Dinamika Global are the sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors
