FENOMENA 'COLORISM' SEBAGAI BENTUK STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA
Abstract
Penelitian ini merupakan riset awal untuk melihat gambaran besar mengenai Colorism di Kawasan Asia Tenggara. Colorism merupakan bentuk diskriminasi kepada seseorang karena perbedaan warna kulit. Dalam Colorism biasanya mereka yang memiliki warna kulit lebih cerah diberikan akses lebih mudah dalam berbagai hal. Colorism dikatakan sebagai fenomena global, namun dalam penelitian ini, peneliti bertujuan untuk menggambarkan fenomena tersebut di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Metode yang peneliti gunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui focus group discussion dan studi pustaka. Kerangka teoritis dalam studi ini adalah Poskolonialisme, konsep Kekerasan serta konsep Colorism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Colorism di wilayah Asia Tenggara terjadi salah satunya diperkuat oleh inferioritas masyarakat di Asia Tenggara terhadap kulit putih sebagai hasil dari penjajahan, akibat dari kelas-kelas sosial yang selama ini dikonstruksi oleh penjajah untuk melanggengkan kekuasaan mereka.
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Bagalini, A. (2020). What is colourism and how can skin-tone bias affect your career? | World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/racial-equality-skin-tone-bias-colourism/
Bhattacharya, S. (2012). The Desire for Whiteness: Can Law and Economics Explain it? SSRN Electronic Journal, 117–147. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743267
Filippi, A.-C. (2019). Who’s the fairest of them all? How about, who cares? - Lifestyle - The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/08/19/whos-the-fairest-of-them-all-how-about-who-cares.html
Fisher, S., Kartikasari, S. N. (Sri N., Responding to Conflict (RTC) (Birmingham), & British Council (Indonesia). (2001). Mengelola konflik : ketrampilan & strategi untuk bertindak. https://books.google.com/books/about/Mengelola_konflik.html?hl=id&id=mvYCtwAACAAJ
Frayer, L. (2020). Black Lives Matter Inspires Indian Debate Over Skin Lightening : Goats and Soda : NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/09/860912124/black-lives-matter-gets-indians-talking-about-skin-lightening-and-colorism
Galtung, J. (1969). “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191.
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305.
Hall, J. C. (2017). No Longer Invisible: Understanding the Psychosocial Impact of Skin Color Stratification in the Lives of African American Women. Health and Social Work, 42(2), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlx001
Harian Inhua Online. (2018). Mulai dari Rasisme Chinese di Malaysia Hingga Chinese yang Punya Hak Khusus di Singapura: Mengapa Asia Begitu Terpaku Pada Warna Kulit? - Harian Inhua Online. https://www.harianinhuaonline.com/mulai-dari-rasisme-chinese-di-malaysia-hingga-chinese-yang-punya-hak-khusus-di-singapura-mengapa-asia-begitu-terpaku-pada-warna-kulit/
Hillebrand, J. D., & Berg, B. L. (2000). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. In Teaching Sociology (Vol. 28, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.2307/1319429
Huang, J. W. (2020). Colorism and its impact on anti-black racism in Asia. | Medium. Medium.Com. https://huangjaz.medium.com/colorism-how-beauty-standards-are-strangled-by-western-ideals-ab8743cac8eb
Jacoby, T. (2007). Understanding conflict and violence: Theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches. In Understanding Conflict and Violence: Theoretical and Interdisciplinary Approaches. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203028827
Jones, T. (2013). The Significance of Skin Color in Asian and Asian-American Communities : Initial Reflections. UC Irvine Law Review, 3(4), 1105–1123.
Kim, H. A. (2020). Understanding “Koreanness”: Racial stratification and colorism in Korea and implications for Korean multicultural education. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 22(1), 76–97. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v22i1.1834
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Whiteness Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whiteness
Nair, S. (2017). Postcolonialism. In S. McGlinchey, Stephen; Waltesr, Rosie; Christian (Ed.), International Relations Theory (pp. 69–75). E-International Relations Publishing.
Norwood, K. J. (2015). “If you is white, you’s alright...” Stories about colorism in America. Washington University Glocal Studies Law Review, 14(4), 585–608. https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=9&sid=6d629840-4d74-4bef-ab63-6fa22d309db5%40sdc-v-sessmgr03
Purnell, N. (2013). Images Spark Racism Debate in Thailand | The New Yorker. THe NewYorker. https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/images-spark-racism-debate-in-thailand
Pusat Sudi HI FISIP UNJANI. (2021). IRRC FISIP UNJANI MONTHLY DISCUSSION SERIES. IRRC.
Rosyidin, M. (2020). Teori Hubungan Internasional: Dari Perspektif Klasik Sampai Non-Barat. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Said, E. W. (2016). Orientalisme: Menggugat Hegemoni Barat dan Mendudukkan Timur sebagai Subjek. Pustaka Pelajar.
Salvá, A. (2019). Where Does the Asian Obsession With White Skin Come From? – The Diplomat. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/where-does-the-asian-obsession-with-white-skin-come-from/
Saraswati, L. A., Andarnuswari, N. D., & Translation of: Saraswati, L. A. (2019). Putih : warna kulit, ras, dan kecantikan di Indonesia transnasional. Marjin Kiri.
Sugiyono. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Sumo, I. P. (2019). What Are the Factors of Colorism Amongst African American Women; and How Does This Affect the Lives of African American Women? https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd
Tay, E. (2011). Colony, nation, and globalisation : not at home in Singaporean and Malaysian literature. NUS Press.
Tharps, L. L. (2016). The Difference Between Racism and Colorism | Time. Time. https://time.com/4512430/colorism-in-america/
Umarela, F. H., Dwityas, N. A., & Zahra, D. R. (2020). Representasi ideologi supremasi kulit putih dalam iklan televisi. ProTVF, 4(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.24198/ptvf.v4i1.25172
Wardhani, B., Largis, E., & Dugis, V. (2017). Colorism, Mimicry, and Beauty Construction in Modern India. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.62118
Wickramasinghe, K. (2017). Fair skin obsession: An inferiority complex that needs treatment - News Features | Daily Mirror. Daily Mirror Online. https://www.dailymirror.lk/article/Fair-skin-obsession-An-inferiority-complex-that-needs-treatment-123403.html
Yeung, E. (2015). White and Beautiful: An Examination of Skin Whitening Practices and Female Empowerment in China. 3(1), 35–47.
Published
2022-06-28
How to Cite
Oktaviani, J. (2022). FENOMENA ’COLORISM’ SEBAGAI BENTUK STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA, 7(01), 53-83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v7i01.1037
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Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
