MENYOAL POLITIK KEKERABATAN DI INDONESIA DALAM PELAKSANAAN PILKADA SERENTAK 2020
Abstract
Fenomena politik kekerabatan pada perhelatan Pilkada Serentak di 270 wilayah di Indonesia paa 9 Desember 2020 kembali terjadi, bahkan dengan tren peningkatan yang cukup signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan Pilkada Serentak 2015. Banyak pihak bersepakat bahwa fenomena politik kekerabatan merupakan salah satu sisi gelap demokratisasi di era reformasi Indonesia saat ini. Secara khusus, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan serta menganalisis berbagai faktor yang telah berkontribusi pada munculnya fenomena politik kekerabatan pada Pilkada Serentak 2020. Selain itu, menjelaskan pula tentang konsekuensinya terhadap proses demokratisasi yang sedang berlangsung di Indonesia. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, Penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi literatur sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa tren politik kekerabatan dengan berbagai variannya merupakan implikasi logis dari disfungsi partai politik serta kuatnya pragmatisme partai politik dalam meraih kemenangan kontestasi elektoral. Karakter utama dari kekuasaan yang self-perpetuation dan dampak dari “name recognition” atau “brand name advantage” yang berkelindan dengan pragmatisme partai politik dan publik pemilih yang permisif juga diyakini telah berkontribusi signifikan terhadap maraknya politik kekerabatan. Sistem Pilkada yang candidate centered dan ketiadaan regulasi yang dapat memitigasi praktek politik kekerabatan juga menjadi penyebab penting lainnya dalam peningkatan tren politik kekerabatan ini pada Pilkada Serentak 2020. Praktek politik kekerabatan berpotensi mengakibatkan proses demokratisasi di Indonesia gagal dalam memfasilitasi potential benefits yang dijanjikan, jika tidak ada upaya memitigasinya.
References
Institutions’, American Economic Review, 98, pp. 267–293. doi:
10.2139/ssrn.888187.
Agustino, L. (2010) ‘Dinasti Politik Pasca-Otonomi Orde baru: Pengalaman
Banten’, Prisma, 29(3), pp. 102–116.
Asako, Y. et al. (2015) ‘Dynastic politicians: Theory and evidence from Japan’,
Japanese Journal of Political Science, 16(1), pp. 5–32. doi:
10.1017/S146810991400036X.
Aspinall, E. and As’ad, M. U. (2016) ‘Understanding family politics: Successes and
failures of political dynasties in regional Indonesia’, South East Asia
Research, 24(3), pp. 420–435. doi: 10.1177/0967828X16659571.
Beetham, D. (1994) ‘Conditions for democratic consolidation’, Review of African
Political
Economy,
21(60),
pp.
157–172.
doi:
10.1080/03056249408704053.
Buehler, M. (2013) ‘Married with children’, Inside Indonesia, 112 (April. Available
at: https://www.insideindonesia.org/married-with-children.
Buehler, M. and Tan, P. (2007) ‘Party-Candidate Relationships in Indonesian
Local Politics: A Case Study of the 2005 Regional Elections in Gowa, South
Sulawesi Province’, Indonesia, 84(84), pp. 41–69.
Choi, N. (2007) ‘Local elections and democracy in Indonesia : The Riau
Archipelago Local Elections and Democracy in Indonesia : The Riau
Archipelago’,
(October
2014),
pp.
37–41.
doi:
10.1080/00472330701408650.
cnnindonesia.com (2020a) ‘OTT Bupati Kutai Timur Disebut Bukti Politik Dinasti
Koruptif’,
5
July.
Available
at:
https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200705025521-12-520915/ottbupati-kutai-timur-disebut-bukti-politik-dinasti-koruptif
(Accessed: 7
February 2021).
cnnindonesia.com (2020b) ‘PDIP di Pilkada 2020: Kader Tergusur, Politik Dinasti
Berdiri’,
2
September.
Available
at:
https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200901124256-32541531/pdip-di-pilkada-2020-kader-tergusur-politik-dinasti-berdiri.
van
Coppenolle,
B.
(2017)
‘Political
Dynasties
in
the
UK
House
of
Commons:
The
Null
Effect
of
Narrow
Electoral
Selection’,
Legislative
Studies
Quarterly,
42(3),
pp. 449–475.
doi:
10.1111/lsq.12164.
Crook,
R.
and
Manor,
J.
(1998)
Democracy
and
Decentralization
in
South
Asia
and
West
Africa.
Cambridge:
Cambridge
University
Press.
Dahl,
R.
(2000)
On
Democracy.
New
Haven
&
London:
University
Press.
Dal
Bó, E., Dal Bó, P. and Snyder, J. (2009) ‘Political Dynasties’, Review of
Economic
Studies,
76,
pp. 115–142. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.909251.
Doyle, D. T. et al. (2015) ‘Democratic Dynasties: Explaining Their Prevalence in
Modern Democracies’, SSRN Electronic Journal.
doi:
10.2139/ssrn.2556830.
Elklit, J. and Svensson, P. (1997) ‘What Makes Elections Free and Fair?’, Journal
of Democracy, 8(3), pp. 32–46. doi: 10.1353/jod.1997.0041.
Fiva, J. H. and Smith, D. M. (2018) ‘Political dynasties and the incumbency
advantage in party-centered environments’, American Political Science
Review, 112(3), pp. 706–712. doi: 10.1017/S0003055418000047.
Geys, B. and Smith, D. M. (2017) ‘Political Dynasties in Democracies: Causes,
Consequences and Remaining Puzzles’, Economic Journal, 127(605), pp.
F446–F454. doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12442.
Hadiz, V. R. (2004) ‘Decentralisation and Democracy in Indonesia: A Critique of
Neo-Institutional Perspectives’, Development and Change, 35(4), pp. 697–
718. doi: 10.1111/j.0012-155X.2004.00376.x.
Hadiz, V. R. (2007) ‘The Localization of Power in Southeast Asia’, 14(5), pp. 873–
892.
Hadiz, V. and Robison, R. (2005) ‘Neo-liberal Reforms and Illiberal
Consolidations: The Indonesian Paradox’, The Journal of Development
Studies, 41, pp. 220–241. doi: 10.1080/0022038042000309223.
Hanif, H. and Pratikno (2012) ‘Local Politics in Indonesia, 1999-2010: A Literature
Review’, PCD Journal, IV(1), pp. 181–209. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.25773.
Hutchcroft, P. and Rocamora, J. (2003) ‘Strong Demands and Weak Institutions:
The Origins and Evolution of the Democratic Deficit in the Philippines’,
Journal of East Asian Studies, 3. doi: 10.2307/23417680.
Kenawas, Y. C. (2017) ‘The Institutional Foundation of the Emergence of
Subnational Political Dynasties in Indonesia’, Advances in Social Science,
Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), 129, pp. 267–272. doi:
10.2991/icsps-17.2018.59.
Kenawas, Y. C. (2020) ‘Mencermati Dinasti Politik di Indonesia’, Diskusi Virtual
Perludem. Available at: http://perludem.org/2020/06/19/materi-presentasidiskusi-virtual-perludem-mencermati-dinasti-politik-di-pilkada/.
Mariana,
D. and Husin, L. H. (2017) ‘Democracy, local election, and political
dynasty in Indonesian politics’, Jurnal Wacana Politik, 2(2), pp. 88–97. doi:
10.24198/jwp.v2i2.13998.
Mboi, A. B. (2009) ‘Pilkada Langsung: The First Step on the Long Road to a
Dualistic Provincial and District Government’, in Erb, M. and Sulistiyanto,
P. (eds) Deepening Democracy in Indonesia? Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 38–
49.
Mietzner, M. (2010) ‘Indonesia’s direct elections: Empowering the electorate or
entrenching the New Order oligarchy?’, in Greg, F. and Aspinall, E. (eds)
Indonesia: The New Order and its Legacy. Canberra: ANU E- Press, pp.
173–190.
Nagara Institute (2020) Press Release: 124 Dinasti Politik Bertarung dalam
Pilkada Serentak 2020 – Nagara Institute. Available at:
https://nagarainstitute.com/pers-release-124-dinasti-politik-bertarungdalam-pilkada-serentak-2020/
(Accessed:
21 January
2021).
OECD (2013) ‘Trust in Government, Policy Effectiveness and the Governance
Agenda’, in Government at a Glance 2013. Paris: OECD Publishing
(Government
at
a
Glance),
pp.
19–37.
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2013-6-en.
Purdey, J., Aspinall, E. and As’ad, M. U. (2016) ‘Understanding family politics’,
South East Asia Research, 24(3), pp. 420–435. doi:
10.1177/0967828X16659571.
Querubin, P. (2013) ‘Political Reform and Elite Persistence: Term Limits and
Political Dynasties in the Philippines *’, Seminar Paper. Available at:
https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/seminarpapers/pspe10122013.pdf (Accessed: 27
January 2021).
Querubin, P. (2016) ‘Family and Politics: Dynastic Persistence in the Philippines’,
Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 11(2), pp. 151–181. doi:
10.1561/100.00014182.
Randall, V. and Svåsand, L. (2002) ‘Introduction: The Contribution of Parties to
Democracy and Democratic Consolidation’, Democratization, 9(3), pp. 1–
10. doi: 10.1080/714000270.
Romli, L. (2008) ‘Masalah Kelembagaan Partai Politik di Indonesia Pasca-Orde
Baru’, Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 5(1), pp. 21–30. doi:
https://doi.org/10.14203/jpp.v5i1.494.
Rossi, M. (2016) Self-Perpetuation of Political Power: Evidence from a Natural
Experiment
in
Argentina.
127.
Available
at:
https://ideas.repec.org/p/sad/wpaper/127.html.
Rossi, M. A. (2009) The Causes of Political Dynasties in Democratic Countries *.
Bogota.
Available
at:
https://economia.uniandes.edu.co/sites/default/files/imagenes/eventos/Polit
ical-Dynasties-Rossi.pdf (Accessed: 18 January 2021).
Schutt, R. K. (2012) ‘Qualitative Data Analysis’, in Investigating the Social World.
7th edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 320–357.
Available
at:
http://jefftirshfield.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/12/Investigating-the-Social-World_Schutt.pdf.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shall be assigned to Jurnal Academia Praja, Department of Master of Governmental Sciences, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani as publisher of the journal.
Copyright encompasses rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms, and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations.
Jurnal Academia Praja, Department of Master of Governmental Sciences, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani and the Editors make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in Jurnal Academia Praja are the sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors