TECHNOLOGY AS AN INSTRUMENT IN GREAT POWER POLITICS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE US-CHINA TECH WAR
Keywords:
Technological War, Great Power Politics, US-China Rivarly
Abstract
Technology competition between the United States and China started to growth significantly at the international level. The United States has implemented highly restrictive policies toward Chinese technology accomplishments. In retaliation, China has responded to US sanctions and limited its access to advanced semiconductors by emphasizing independence and making investments in its own semiconductor manufacturing sector. With both countries imposing tariffs and restrictions on technology companies, the dispute has escalated into a full-fledged technology war. A series of policies have pushed the two countries further apart and towards a technology war. By using power analysis as the main conceptual framework, this research focuses on examining why technology is a fundamental aspect of the US-China great power rivalry. As a concept of power growth, technology accomplishment should not only be positioned as a medium to increase economic interests but also a tool to improve military capabilities and national security. The shifting from technological competition to technological supremacy for the purpose of political domination and influence is inevitable. Thus, technological war and power struggle also have the potential consequences of prolonged conflict and could transform the global economic and political landscape.
Key words: Technological War, Great Power Politics, US-China Rivarly
References
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Christie, Ø. S., Jakobsen, J., & Jakobsen, T. G. (2023). The US Way or Huawei? An Analysis of the Positioning of Secondary States in the US-China Rivalry. In Journal of Chinese Political Science (Issue 0123456789). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-023-09858-y
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Cordesman, A. H. (2018). China’s Changing Technology Base and Search for Parity and Leadership.
Cordesman, A. H., Burke, A. A., & Molot, M. (2019). China’s Rising Military Technology and Industrial Base.
Cordesman, A. H., & Hwang, G. (2020). Shifting from Competition to Confrontation. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25689.13
Dahl, R. A. (1957). The concept of power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.7312/popi17594-004
Danilin, I. V. (2021). The U.S.-China Technological War Digital Technologies as a New Factor of World Politics? Russia in Global Affairs, 19(4), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2021-19-4-78-96
Denmark, A. M. (2015). US Strategic Rebalancing the Rise of China. In L. Mingjiang & K. M. Kemburi (Eds.), New Dynamics in US-China Relations: Contending for the Asia Pacific (pp. 1–310). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315769035
Detsch, J., Iyengar, R., & Grammer, R. (2023, June 8). Is China Gaining a Lead in the Tech Arms Race? Foreign Policy.
Ding, J., & Dafoe, A. (2021). The Logic of Strategic Assets: From Oil to AI. Security Studies, 30(2), 182–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2021.1915583
Economy, E. C., Huang, Y., Cohen, J. A., & Segal, A. (2020). How 2020 Shaped U . S . -China Relations.
Evers, M. M. (2024, January 14). Why the United States Is Losing the Tech War With China. Lawfare. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/why-the-united-states-is-losing-the-tech-war-with-china
Gilli, A. (2021). NATO, technological superiority, and emerging and disruptive technologies. In NATO 2030 (pp. 1–17). NATO Defense College.
Glaser, B. S. (2019). Made in China 2025 and the Future of American Industry. Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ).
Goldenberg, I., & Rasser, M. (2021). What Would a US-Led Global Technology Alliance Look Like?
Guzzini, S. (1993). Structural Power : The Limits of Neorealist Power Analysis. International Organization, 47(3), 443–478.
Guzzini, S. (2009). On the measure of power and the power of measure in International Relations. DIIS Working Paper, 28, 1–16. www.diis.dk
Guzzini, S., & Leander, A. (2005). Constructivism and International Relations (S. Guzzini & A. Leander, Eds.; 1st Edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203401880
Headrick, D. R. (1981). The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press.
Herrera, G. (2006). The Railroad, the Atom Bomb, and the Politics of Technological Change. State University of New York Press.
Holsti, K. J. (1964). The Concept of Power in the Study of International Relations. Wiley on Behalf of The International Studies Association, 7(4), 179–194. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3013644
Hu, W. (2020). The United States, China, and the Indo-Pacific Strategy. China Review, 20(3), 127–142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26928114
Hudaya, M., Putri, R. A., & Nira, F. P. (2022). Debunking Indo-Pacific Initiative as US’ Strategy towards China and How Indonesian Foreign Policy Should Anticipate. In B. R. Keiko, H. D. A. Rahmah, M. Amal, & J. A. Farikhah (Eds.), Examining Indonesia’s Strategic Role, Position, and Interest in Indo-Pacific (pp. 57–79). Airlangga University Press.
Johnston, A. I. (1995). CULTURAL REALISM.
Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1998). Power and interdependence in the information age. Foreign Affairs, 77(5), 81. https://doi.org/10.2307/20049052
Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2011). Power and Interdependece (4th ed.). Longman Classics in Political Science.
Koetse, M. (2024, January 9). This article is more than 2 months old In the race for AI supremacy, China and the US are travelling on entirely different tracks. The Guardian.
Kunertova, D. (2023). Drones have boots: Learning from Russia’s war in Ukraine. Contemporary Security Policy, 44(4), 576–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2023.2262792
Lague, D. (2023, September 8). In U.S.-China AI contest, the race is on to deploy killer robots. Reuters.
Lawder, D., Shepardson, D., & Shin, H. (2023, April 26). South Korea’s Yoon touts U.S. tech partnership, secures $5.9 bln investment. Reuters.Com. https://www.reuters.com/world/yoon-says-us-south-korea-alliance-should-evolve-into-future-tech-partnership-2023-04-25/
Levine, D. A. (2020). Made in China 2025: China’s Strategy for Becoming a Global High-Tech Superpower and its Implications for the U.S. Economy, National Security, and Free Trade. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.3.1833
Morgenthau, H. J. (1997). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (K. W. Thompson, Ed.; 6th Editio). A. A. Knopf.
Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153–171. http://www.jstor.com/stable/1148580
Pramudya, P. S. (2022). China’s Strategic Ambiguity on the Issue of Autonomous Weapons Systems. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.7454/global.v24i1.706
Pustovitovskij, A., & Kremer, J.-F. (2011). Structural Power and International „ Fill Your Basket , Get Your Preferences “. Institute of Development Research and Development Policy (IEE) Papers, 191. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/183545/1/wp-191.pdf
Rand. (2024). An Interactive Look at the U.S.-China Military Scorecard. Rand Group.
Reeves, J. (2014). Structural Power, the Copenhagen School and Threats to Chinese Security. The China Quarterly, 217, 140–161.
Rising, D. & M. K. (2022, June 17). China launches high-tech aircraft carrier in naval milestone. AP News.
Rogers, M., & Ranking Member of C.A. (2012). Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE. In 112th Congress. https://irp.fas.org/congress/2012_rpt/huawei.pdf
Rossenau, J. N., & Singh, J. P. (2002). Infomation Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and Governance. State University of New York Press.
Sahide, A. (2021). Proteksionisme Trump dan Masa Depan Supremasi Politik AS. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v17i1.3570.1-16
Schindler, S., Alami, I., DiCarlo, J., Jepson, N., Rolf, S., Bayırbağ, M. K., Cyuzuzo, L., DeBoom, M., Farahani, A. F., Liu, I. T., McNicol, H., Miao, J. T., Nock, P., Teri, G., Vila Seoane, M. F., Ward, K., Zajontz, T., & Zhao, Y. (2023). The Second Cold War: US-China Competition for Centrality in Infrastructure, Digital, Production, and Finance Networks. Geopolitics, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2023.2253432
Sebayang, T. R., Kunkunrat, K., Irza, A. L., & Pratama, A. P. (2024). Rasionalisasi Perang Dagang Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok Ditinjau dari Teori “Chicken Game.” Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 20(1), 54–73. https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v20i1.6803.54-73
Sestak, J. (2021). The U.S. Navy’s Loss of Command of the Seas to China and How to Regain It (Winter 2021). Texas National Security Review, 4(1), 148–154.
Shaffer, A. (2015). The Challenge of Technological Superiority. Defense AT&L. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.0.0266
Sheng, A., & Geng, X. (2023, August 29). A Tech War Without Winners. Project Syndicate: The World’s Opinion Page. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/us-china-tech-war-adverse-consequences-for-innovation-and-global-economy-by-andrew-sheng-and-xiao-geng-2023-08
Shrivastava, M. (2024, January 7). The China-US Tech War Comes to the Cloud. The Diplomat.
Si, M. (2024, January 29). China sets goals to breakthrough in future industries. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202401/29/WS65b75cf5a3105f21a507ee4d.html
Stashwick, S. (2021, November 9). Growing Naval Imbalance Between Expanding Chinese and Aging US Fleets. The Dipomat.
Strange, S. (1994). State and Market (2nd ed.). Continuum.
Strange, S. (1996). The retreat of the state The diffusion of power in the world economy. Cambridge University Press.
Sun, H. (2019). U.S.-China Tech War. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 05(02), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1142/S237774001950012X
Sun, Y. (2019). Managing the Fallout of the US-China Trade War (pp. 16–19). Stimson Center. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep20054.pdf
Sutter, R. (2022). Biden’s First Year: Coping with Decline as China Rises in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Affairs 2022, 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789815011036-004
Tillerson, R. (2017, December 15). Statement by Secretary Tillerson on “Meeting the Foreign Policy Challenges of 2017 and Beyond.” U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Indonesia.
US White House. (2022). National Security Strategy.
Varin, C. (2017). FLYING WITHOUT RISK : THE NORMS ON WARRIORS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO DRONE PILOTS. St Antony’s International Review, 13(1), 105–119.
Waltz, K. N. (1993). The Emerging Structure of International Politics. International Security, 18(2), 44–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539097
Wang, B. (2017). Chinese Visions of World Order. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822372448
Wu, X. (2020). Technology, power, and uncontrolled great power strategic competition between China and the United States. China International Strategy Review, 2(1), 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42533-020-00040-0
Xuetong, Y. (2006). The Rise of China and its Power Status. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1(1), 5–33.
Yang, S.-Y. (2013). Power Transition, Balance of Power, and the Rise of China: A Theoretical Reflection about Rising Great Powers. China Review, 13(2), 35–66. https://about.jstor.org/terms
Zhe, G. (2023, December 21). 2023 in review: China’s chip industry made new breakthroughs. CGTN. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-12-21/2023-in-review-China-s-chip-industry-made-new-breakthroughs-1pIQE7P0R3y/p.html
Zhou, J. (2022). Great Power Competition as the New Normal of China–US Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
Published
2025-06-30
How to Cite
Alfian, M. F., Hudaya, M., Anggraheni, P., & Zuliyan, M. A. (2025). TECHNOLOGY AS AN INSTRUMENT IN GREAT POWER POLITICS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE US-CHINA TECH WAR. Dinamika Global : Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 10(1), 73-99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v10i1.3709
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