EUROPEAN UNION CYBER SECURITY IN DEALING WITH THE THREAT OF AI-CYBERCRIMES: LESSONS FOR INDONESIA
Keywords:
cyber-security, cybercrime, artificial intelligence, mitigation, European Union
Abstract
This paper discusses the evolution of crimes related to artificial intelligence technology, responses, and mitigation initiatives the European Union took. This study aims to provide information about the early development of AI and how it is used as a tool for cybercrime called Deepfake. The qualitative research methodology will collect data for this study to gain information from various sources, such as pertinent books, news articles, and journals. The authors found that artificial intelligence, or AI, has become essential to daily life. While it has provided benefits, it also created new problems, such as artificial child pornography and porn being exploited for various reasons. This becomes a significant international risk to cybersecurity. The sensitivity and intricacy of this topic call for coordinated efforts from many different parties. In response to this problem, the European Union has formed solutions that Indonesia could learn from.
References
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Bolter, J. D. (1984). Artificial Intelligence. Daedalus, 113(3).
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Ardiyanti, H. (2014, June). Cyber-Security dan Tantangan Pengembangannya di Indonesia. Politica, 5(1).
Associated Press. (2023, 08 25). EU Digital Services Act: 5 things that will change when you sign into your social media accounts. Retrieved from euronews.com: https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/08/25/eu-digital-services-act-5-things-that-will-change-when-you-sign-into-your-social-media-acc
Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara. (n.d.). Tentang BSSN. Retrieved from Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara: https://www.bssn.go.id/tentang-bssn/
Becker, C., & Laycock, R. (2023). Embracing deepfakes and AI-generated images in neuroscience research. European journal of neuroscience, 58(3), 2657-2661.
Bolter, J. D. (1984). Artificial Intelligence. Daedalus, 113(3).
Britton, B. (2023, February 15). They appeared in deepfake porn videos without their consent. Few laws protect them. . Retrieved from nbcnews: https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/deepfake-twitch-porn-atrioc-qtcinderella-maya-higa-pokimane-rcna69372
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Craigen, D., Diakun-Thibault, N., & Purse, R. (2014). Defining Cybersecurity. Technology Innovation Management Review, 13-17.
Dewi, A. P. (2022, November 24). Komnas Perempuan Dorong perumusan aturan turunan UU TPKS. Retrieved from Antara News.com: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3265581/komnas-perempuan-dorong-perumusan-aturan-turunan-uu-tpks
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Gordon, S., & Ford, R. (2006). On the definition and classification of cybercrime. doi:10.1007/s11416-006-0015-z
Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 5-14.
Hanif, S. M., & Dave, V. (2022). Deepfakes Technology Using AI. International Journal of Scientific research in Acience, Engineering and Technology, 152-159.
Hedgecoe, G. (2023, September 24). AI-generated naked child images shock Spanish town of Almendralejo. Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66877718
INTERPOL. (2021). ASEAN CYBERTHREAT ASSESSMENT 2021: Key cyberthreat trends outlook from the ASEAN cybercrime operations desk. INTERPOL.
Kamaliah, A. (2022, January 17). Video 61 Detik Mirip Nagita Slavina, Awas Deepfake Ancaman Nyata. Retrieved from detikInet: https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-5901376/video-61-detik-mirip-nagita-slavina-awas-deepfake-ancaman-nyata
Lomba, N., & Evas, T. (2020). Digital Services Act. European Parliamentary Research Service, 4-5.
Loviana, K. (2022). Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. Center for Digital Society.
Maddocks, S. (2020). ‘A Deepfake Porn Plot Intended to Silence Me’: exploring continuities between pornographic and. Porn Studies, 1-9.
Nir, K. (2023). Computing: The Economics of Deepfakes. IEEE.
Okolie, C. (2023, March). Artificial Intelligence-Altered Videos (Deepfakes), Image-Based sexual abuse, and Data privacy concerns. Journal of International Women's StudiesJournal of International Women's Studies, 25(2).
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Ardiyanti, H. (2014, June). Cyber-Security dan Tantangan Pengembangannya di Indonesia. Politica, 5(1).
Associated Press. (2023, 08 25). EU Digital Services Act: 5 things that will change when you sign into your social media accounts. Retrieved from euronews.com: https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/08/25/eu-digital-services-act-5-things-that-will-change-when-you-sign-into-your-social-media-acc
Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara. (n.d.). Tentang BSSN. Retrieved from Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara: https://www.bssn.go.id/tentang-bssn/
Becker, C., & Laycock, R. (2023). Embracing deepfakes and AI-generated images in neuroscience research. European journal of neuroscience, 58(3), 2657-2661.
Bolter, J. D. (1984). Artificial Intelligence. Daedalus, 113(3).
Britton, B. (2023, February 15). They appeared in deepfake porn videos without their consent. Few laws protect them. . Retrieved from nbcnews: https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/deepfake-twitch-porn-atrioc-qtcinderella-maya-higa-pokimane-rcna69372
Chen, E. (2022, June 30). As Cyber Threats Grow, Indonesia’s Data Protection Efforts Are Falling Short: Bureaucratic rivalry and overlapping mandates have prevented the country from pushing ahead with a planned data protection bill. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/as-cyber-threats-grow-indonesias-data-protection-efforts-are-falling-short/
Cotteril, T. (2023, February 19). Paedophiles are using AI to create child abuse images: National Crime Agency warns artificial intelligence is being harnessed to make pictures and 'deep fake' videos of real-life victims. Retrieved from Mail Online: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/crime/article-11665797/Paedophiles-using-AI-art-generators-create-child-porn.html
Craigen, D., Diakun-Thibault, N., & Purse, R. (2014). Defining Cybersecurity. Technology Innovation Management Review, 13-17.
Dewi, A. P. (2022, November 24). Komnas Perempuan Dorong perumusan aturan turunan UU TPKS. Retrieved from Antara News.com: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3265581/komnas-perempuan-dorong-perumusan-aturan-turunan-uu-tpks
ENISA. (2022, January 20). Beware of Digital ID attacks: your face can be spoofed! Retrieved from ENISA: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/beware-of-digital-id-attacks-your-face-can-be-spoofed
European Parliamentary Research Service. (2021, July). Tackling deepfakes in European policy. European Parliamentary Research Service, 4-5. Retrieved from European Parliamentary Research Service.
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity. (2021). Remote ID Proofing Analysis of Methods to Carry Out Identity Proofing Remotely. ENISA.
Firmansyah, T. (2020, May 28). Penyebar Video Porno Mirip Syahrini Seorang Ibu Rumah Tangga. Retrieved from Republika: https://news.republika.co.id/berita/qb1a1w377/penyebar-video-porno-mirip-syahrini-seorang-ibu-rumah-tangga
Gordon, S., & Ford, R. (2006). On the definition and classification of cybercrime. doi:10.1007/s11416-006-0015-z
Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 5-14.
Hanif, S. M., & Dave, V. (2022). Deepfakes Technology Using AI. International Journal of Scientific research in Acience, Engineering and Technology, 152-159.
Hedgecoe, G. (2023, September 24). AI-generated naked child images shock Spanish town of Almendralejo. Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66877718
INTERPOL. (2021). ASEAN CYBERTHREAT ASSESSMENT 2021: Key cyberthreat trends outlook from the ASEAN cybercrime operations desk. INTERPOL.
Kamaliah, A. (2022, January 17). Video 61 Detik Mirip Nagita Slavina, Awas Deepfake Ancaman Nyata. Retrieved from detikInet: https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-5901376/video-61-detik-mirip-nagita-slavina-awas-deepfake-ancaman-nyata
Lomba, N., & Evas, T. (2020). Digital Services Act. European Parliamentary Research Service, 4-5.
Loviana, K. (2022). Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. Center for Digital Society.
Maddocks, S. (2020). ‘A Deepfake Porn Plot Intended to Silence Me’: exploring continuities between pornographic and. Porn Studies, 1-9.
Nir, K. (2023). Computing: The Economics of Deepfakes. IEEE.
Okolie, C. (2023, March). Artificial Intelligence-Altered Videos (Deepfakes), Image-Based sexual abuse, and Data privacy concerns. Journal of International Women's StudiesJournal of International Women's Studies, 25(2).
Payne, L. (2023, September 27). deepfakes. Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/deepfake
Phillips, K., Davidson, J. C., Farr, R. R., Burkhardt, C., Caneppele, S., & Aiken, M. P. (2022). Conceptualizing Cybercrime: Definitions, Typologies, and Taxonomies. Forensic Sciences, 382-383.
Roth, E., & Castro, A. (2023, August 25). The EU's Digital Services Act goes into effect today: here's what that means. Retrieved from The Verge:Aeni, S. N. (2022, April 14). 10 Poin UU TPKS yang Penting untuk Diketahui. Retrieved from Katadata.co.id: https://katadata.co.id/agung/berita/6257c2bb3c3bd/10-poin-uu-tpks-yang-penting-untuk-diketahui
Andriansyah, A. (2023, May 12). Setahun Disahkan UU TPKS: Beri Pemajuan HAM dan Pengetahuan Publik Soal Kekerasan Seksual. Retrieved from VOA Indonesia: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/setahun-disahkan-uu-tpks-beri-pemajuan-ham-dan-pengetahuan-publik-soal-kekerasan-seksual/7089202.html
Ardiyanti, H. (2014, June). Cyber-Security dan Tantangan Pengembangannya di Indonesia. Politica, 5(1).
Associated Press. (2023, 08 25). EU Digital Services Act: 5 things that will change when you sign into your social media accounts. Retrieved from euronews.com: https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/08/25/eu-digital-services-act-5-things-that-will-change-when-you-sign-into-your-social-media-acc
Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara. (n.d.). Tentang BSSN. Retrieved from Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara: https://www.bssn.go.id/tentang-bssn/
Becker, C., & Laycock, R. (2023). Embracing deepfakes and AI-generated images in neuroscience research. European journal of neuroscience, 58(3), 2657-2661.
Bolter, J. D. (1984). Artificial Intelligence. Daedalus, 113(3).
Britton, B. (2023, February 15). They appeared in deepfake porn videos without their consent. Few laws protect them. . Retrieved from nbcnews: https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/deepfake-twitch-porn-atrioc-qtcinderella-maya-higa-pokimane-rcna69372
Chen, E. (2022, June 30). As Cyber Threats Grow, Indonesia’s Data Protection Efforts Are Falling Short: Bureaucratic rivalry and overlapping mandates have prevented the country from pushing ahead with a planned data protection bill. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/as-cyber-threats-grow-indonesias-data-protection-efforts-are-falling-short/
Cotteril, T. (2023, February 19). Paedophiles are using AI to create child abuse images: National Crime Agency warns artificial intelligence is being harnessed to make pictures and 'deep fake' videos of real-life victims. Retrieved from Mail Online: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/crime/article-11665797/Paedophiles-using-AI-art-generators-create-child-porn.html
Craigen, D., Diakun-Thibault, N., & Purse, R. (2014). Defining Cybersecurity. Technology Innovation Management Review, 13-17.
Dewi, A. P. (2022, November 24). Komnas Perempuan Dorong perumusan aturan turunan UU TPKS. Retrieved from Antara News.com: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3265581/komnas-perempuan-dorong-perumusan-aturan-turunan-uu-tpks
ENISA. (2022, January 20). Beware of Digital ID attacks: your face can be spoofed! Retrieved from ENISA: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/beware-of-digital-id-attacks-your-face-can-be-spoofed
European Parliamentary Research Service. (2021, July). Tackling deepfakes in European policy. European Parliamentary Research Service, 4-5. Retrieved from European Parliamentary Research Service.
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity. (2021). Remote ID Proofing Analysis of Methods to Carry Out Identity Proofing Remotely. ENISA.
Firmansyah, T. (2020, May 28). Penyebar Video Porno Mirip Syahrini Seorang Ibu Rumah Tangga. Retrieved from Republika: https://news.republika.co.id/berita/qb1a1w377/penyebar-video-porno-mirip-syahrini-seorang-ibu-rumah-tangga
Gordon, S., & Ford, R. (2006). On the definition and classification of cybercrime. doi:10.1007/s11416-006-0015-z
Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 5-14.
Hanif, S. M., & Dave, V. (2022). Deepfakes Technology Using AI. International Journal of Scientific research in Acience, Engineering and Technology, 152-159.
Hedgecoe, G. (2023, September 24). AI-generated naked child images shock Spanish town of Almendralejo. Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66877718
INTERPOL. (2021). ASEAN CYBERTHREAT ASSESSMENT 2021: Key cyberthreat trends outlook from the ASEAN cybercrime operations desk. INTERPOL.
Kamaliah, A. (2022, January 17). Video 61 Detik Mirip Nagita Slavina, Awas Deepfake Ancaman Nyata. Retrieved from detikInet: https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-5901376/video-61-detik-mirip-nagita-slavina-awas-deepfake-ancaman-nyata
Lomba, N., & Evas, T. (2020). Digital Services Act. European Parliamentary Research Service, 4-5.
Loviana, K. (2022). Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. Center for Digital Society.
Maddocks, S. (2020). ‘A Deepfake Porn Plot Intended to Silence Me’: exploring continuities between pornographic and. Porn Studies, 1-9.
Nir, K. (2023). Computing: The Economics of Deepfakes. IEEE.
Okolie, C. (2023, March). Artificial Intelligence-Altered Videos (Deepfakes), Image-Based sexual abuse, and Data privacy concerns. Journal of International Women's StudiesJournal of International Women's Studies, 25(2).
Payne, L. (2023, September 27). deepfakes. Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/deepfake
Phillips, K., Davidson, J. C., Farr, R. R., Burkhardt, C., Caneppele, S., & Aiken, M. P. (2022). Conceptualizing Cybercrime: Definitions, Typologies, and Taxonomies. Forensic Sciences, 382-383.
Roth, E., & Castro, A. (2023, August 25). The EU's Digital Services Act goes into effect today: here's what that means. Retrieved from The Verge: https://www.theverge.com/23845672/eu-digital-services-act-explained
Roussi, A. (2023, October 19). European election at risk from AI, says EU's cyber agency. Retrieved from politico.eu: https://www.politicio.eu/article/european-union-election-risk-artificial-intelligence-interference-cybersecurity-agency-enisa/
Shankar, P. (2023, August 25). What impact will the EU's Digital Services Act have? – DW – 08/25/2023. Retrieved from DW: https://www.dw.com/en/what-impact-will-the-eus-digital-services-act-have/a-66631337
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Published
2023-12-30
How to Cite
Hussin, M. H., & Salwa Prilia Ginano, M. H. (2023). EUROPEAN UNION CYBER SECURITY IN DEALING WITH THE THREAT OF AI-CYBERCRIMES: LESSONS FOR INDONESIA. Dinamika Global : Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 8(2), 192-212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v8i2.1912
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Articles
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