STRATEGI TIONGKOK MENGHADAPI PERLOMBAAN PROGRAM RUANG ANGKASA DENGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT TAHUN 2021-2023
Keywords:
Tiongkok, Amerika Serikat, Ruang Angkasa, Rusia, Strategi Balancing
Abstract
Penelitian ini menganalisis strategi yang dilakukan oleh Tiongkok dalam menghadapi perlombaan program ruang angkasa dengan Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada program-program yang dilakukan oleh Tiongkok dalam menghadapi dominasi Amerika Serikat di ruang angkasa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu motede kualitatif deskriptif. Berdasarkan konsep strategi balancing menurut Kenneth Waltz, peneliti menemukan bahwa Tiongkok ingin menunjukkan kekuatannya di ruang angkasa, ingin menjadikan dunia yang multipolar, dan mendapatkan keuntungan komersial dari ruang angkasa. Tiongkok juga merangkul Rusia dalam strateginya untuk menyeimbangi kekuatan Amerika Serikat di ruang angkasa. Keberhasilan strategi yang dilakukan oleh Tiongkok ini, membuat Tiongkok menjadi salah satu negara kekuatan baru di ruang angkasa dan meningkatkan pengaruh geopolitik Tiongkok dengan merangkul negara-negara lainnya untuk bergabung dengan program-program Tiongkok.
References
Arms Control Association. (n.d.). Action/Reaction: U.S. Space Weaponization and China. Arms Control Association Website. Retrieved July 24, 2024, from https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005-12/features/actionreaction-us-space-weaponization-and-china
Berg, M. (2023, November 16). The new space race with China - Politico. Politico.Com. https://www.politico.com/newsletters/digital-future-daily/2023/11/16/the-new-space-race-with-china-00127670
Chen, S. (2024, June 21). China calls the US a ‘competitor’ in moon race for first time, from a position of strength. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3267371/china-calls-us-competitor-moon-race-first-time-position-strength
China National Space Administration. (2021, March 9). China and Russia sign a Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Cooperation for the Construction of the International Lunar Research Station. https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6811380/content.html
Cordesman, A. H. (2016). Chinese Space Strategy and Developments.
Creswell, J. W. (2016). Research Design Pendekatan Metode Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Campuran (4th ed.). Pustaka Pelajar.
Cube, C., & Luce, D. De. (2023, December 13). How China is challenging the U.S. military’s dominance in space. NBC News Website. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/china-challenging-us-militarys-dominance-space-rcna128993
Government of Canada Website. (2024, July 25). Canadian space milestones. Government of Canada Website. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp
Harahap, C. N. M., & Rakhmadi, R. (2023). The Development of China’s Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) Technology to Counter the United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS). Jurnal Terekam Jejak, 1(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13373516
Hardie, J. (2022, October 20). China, Russia Deepen Partnership on Satellite Navigation. Foundation for Defense of Democracies. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2022/10/20/china-russia-satellite-navigation/
Howell, E. (2016, May 25). European Space Agency: Facts & Information. Space.Com. https://www.space.com/22562-european-space-agency.html
Howell, E. (2018, January 30). Roscosmos: Russia’s Space Agency. Space.Com. https://www.space.com/22724-roscosmos.html
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. (2020). The Beginning of Japan’s Space Exploration. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Website. https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no082/02.html
Jones, A., & Dobrijevic, D. (2023, August 15). China’s space station, Tiangong: A complete guide. Space Website. https://www.space.com/tiangong-space-station
Julienne, M. (2022). China-Russia Cooperation in Space The Reality behind the Speeches. In M. Bergmann & A. Lohsen (Eds.), Understanding the Broader Transatlantic Security Implications of Greater Sino-Russian Military Alignment (p. 41). Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://about.jstor.org/terms
Kendall-Taylor, A., & Shullman, D. (2021). Navigating the Deepening Russia-China Partnership.
Liu, Z. (2022, February 5). China’s BeiDou and Russian GLONASS sign new deal to rival America’s GPS satellite navigation. South China Morning Post Website. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3165924/chinas-beidou-and-russian-glonass-sign-new-deal-rival-americas
Nadarajah, H. (2024, May 9). China: A Global Power’s Ambitions in Outer Space. Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/china-global-powers-celestial-ambitions
Pollpeter, K., Barret, E., Edmonds, J., Kerrigan, A., & Taffer, A. (2023). China-Russia Space Cooperation: Implications of a Growing Relationship. Center for Naval Analyses. https://www.cna.org/reports/2023/06/china-russia-space-cooperation-may-2023
Pollpeter, K., Barrett, E., Edmonds, J., Kerrigan, A., & Taffer, A. (2023). China-Russia Space Cooperation: The Strategic, Military, Diplomatic, and Economic Implications of a Growing Relationship.
Prabowo, G., & Gischa, S. (2020, December 18). Sejarah Perkembangan Teknologi Luar Angkasa. Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/12/18/115236369/sejarah-perkembangan-teknologi-luar-angkasa
Rakhmayanti, I. (n.d.). Ambisi Ngeri Xi Jinping, China Kuasai Antariksa Kelas Dunia. Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220415205042-4-332044/ambisi-ngeri-xi-jinping-china-kuasai-antariksa-kelas-dunia
Sharpe, J., Moustakis, F., & Terrill, D. (2023, July 3). What does the People’s Republic of China’s space program mean for Great Britain and the West? The Space Review. https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4612/1
Sugiyono. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (S. Y. Suryandari, Ed.; 3rd ed.). Alfabeta.
The State Council of The People’s Republic of China. (2022, January 28). China’s Space Program: A 2021 Perspective. The State Council of The People’s Republic of China Website. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202201/28/content_WS61f35b3dc6d09c94e48a467a.html
United Nation Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.). The Outer Space Treaty. United Nation Office for Outer Space Affairs Website. Retrieved May 17, 2024, from https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html
Voice of America. (2021, December 29). China Kecam AS atas Kejadian Stasiun Luar Angkasa China yang Nyaris Bertabrakan dengan SpaceX. VOA Indonesia Website. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/china-kecam-as-atas-kejadian-stasiun-luar-angkasa-china-yang-nyaris-bertabrakan-dengan-spacex/6373819.html
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Adison-Wesley.
Yani, Y. M., Montratama, I., & Mahyudin, E. (2017). Pengantar Studi Keamanan. Intrans Publishing.
Berg, M. (2023, November 16). The new space race with China - Politico. Politico.Com. https://www.politico.com/newsletters/digital-future-daily/2023/11/16/the-new-space-race-with-china-00127670
Chen, S. (2024, June 21). China calls the US a ‘competitor’ in moon race for first time, from a position of strength. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3267371/china-calls-us-competitor-moon-race-first-time-position-strength
China National Space Administration. (2021, March 9). China and Russia sign a Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Cooperation for the Construction of the International Lunar Research Station. https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6811380/content.html
Cordesman, A. H. (2016). Chinese Space Strategy and Developments.
Creswell, J. W. (2016). Research Design Pendekatan Metode Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Campuran (4th ed.). Pustaka Pelajar.
Cube, C., & Luce, D. De. (2023, December 13). How China is challenging the U.S. military’s dominance in space. NBC News Website. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/china-challenging-us-militarys-dominance-space-rcna128993
Government of Canada Website. (2024, July 25). Canadian space milestones. Government of Canada Website. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp
Harahap, C. N. M., & Rakhmadi, R. (2023). The Development of China’s Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) Technology to Counter the United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS). Jurnal Terekam Jejak, 1(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13373516
Hardie, J. (2022, October 20). China, Russia Deepen Partnership on Satellite Navigation. Foundation for Defense of Democracies. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2022/10/20/china-russia-satellite-navigation/
Howell, E. (2016, May 25). European Space Agency: Facts & Information. Space.Com. https://www.space.com/22562-european-space-agency.html
Howell, E. (2018, January 30). Roscosmos: Russia’s Space Agency. Space.Com. https://www.space.com/22724-roscosmos.html
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. (2020). The Beginning of Japan’s Space Exploration. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Website. https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no082/02.html
Jones, A., & Dobrijevic, D. (2023, August 15). China’s space station, Tiangong: A complete guide. Space Website. https://www.space.com/tiangong-space-station
Julienne, M. (2022). China-Russia Cooperation in Space The Reality behind the Speeches. In M. Bergmann & A. Lohsen (Eds.), Understanding the Broader Transatlantic Security Implications of Greater Sino-Russian Military Alignment (p. 41). Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://about.jstor.org/terms
Kendall-Taylor, A., & Shullman, D. (2021). Navigating the Deepening Russia-China Partnership.
Liu, Z. (2022, February 5). China’s BeiDou and Russian GLONASS sign new deal to rival America’s GPS satellite navigation. South China Morning Post Website. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3165924/chinas-beidou-and-russian-glonass-sign-new-deal-rival-americas
Nadarajah, H. (2024, May 9). China: A Global Power’s Ambitions in Outer Space. Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/china-global-powers-celestial-ambitions
Pollpeter, K., Barret, E., Edmonds, J., Kerrigan, A., & Taffer, A. (2023). China-Russia Space Cooperation: Implications of a Growing Relationship. Center for Naval Analyses. https://www.cna.org/reports/2023/06/china-russia-space-cooperation-may-2023
Pollpeter, K., Barrett, E., Edmonds, J., Kerrigan, A., & Taffer, A. (2023). China-Russia Space Cooperation: The Strategic, Military, Diplomatic, and Economic Implications of a Growing Relationship.
Prabowo, G., & Gischa, S. (2020, December 18). Sejarah Perkembangan Teknologi Luar Angkasa. Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/12/18/115236369/sejarah-perkembangan-teknologi-luar-angkasa
Rakhmayanti, I. (n.d.). Ambisi Ngeri Xi Jinping, China Kuasai Antariksa Kelas Dunia. Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220415205042-4-332044/ambisi-ngeri-xi-jinping-china-kuasai-antariksa-kelas-dunia
Sharpe, J., Moustakis, F., & Terrill, D. (2023, July 3). What does the People’s Republic of China’s space program mean for Great Britain and the West? The Space Review. https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4612/1
Sugiyono. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (S. Y. Suryandari, Ed.; 3rd ed.). Alfabeta.
The State Council of The People’s Republic of China. (2022, January 28). China’s Space Program: A 2021 Perspective. The State Council of The People’s Republic of China Website. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202201/28/content_WS61f35b3dc6d09c94e48a467a.html
United Nation Office for Outer Space Affairs. (n.d.). The Outer Space Treaty. United Nation Office for Outer Space Affairs Website. Retrieved May 17, 2024, from https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html
Voice of America. (2021, December 29). China Kecam AS atas Kejadian Stasiun Luar Angkasa China yang Nyaris Bertabrakan dengan SpaceX. VOA Indonesia Website. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/china-kecam-as-atas-kejadian-stasiun-luar-angkasa-china-yang-nyaris-bertabrakan-dengan-spacex/6373819.html
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Adison-Wesley.
Yani, Y. M., Montratama, I., & Mahyudin, E. (2017). Pengantar Studi Keamanan. Intrans Publishing.
Published
2025-02-12
How to Cite
Linggapuspa, R., Rachmat, A., & Panorama, A. (2025). STRATEGI TIONGKOK MENGHADAPI PERLOMBAAN PROGRAM RUANG ANGKASA DENGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT TAHUN 2021-2023. Global Insights Journal : Jurnal Mahasiswa Hubungan Internasional, 2(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/gij.v2i1.3093
Section
Articles
