DOUBLE STANDARD POLICY HUNGARIA TERHADAP PENGUNGSI STUDI KASUS : PENGUNGSI UKRAINA DAN TIMUR TENGAH
Keywords:
Hungaria, Pengungsi, Standar Ganda, Ukraina, Timur Tengah, Konstruktivisme, Identitas
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji fenomena standar ganda dalam kebijakan Hungaria terhadap pengungsi Ukraina dan Timur Tengah. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dan metode studi pustaka, penelitian ini menganalisis faktor-faktor historis dan perkembangan kedua kelompok pengungsi di Hungaria, serta kebijakan-kebijakan yang diterapkan terhadap mereka. Teori konstruktivis identitas model constitutive localization digunakan untuk memahami pembentukan identitas dan pengaruhnya terhadap kebijakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan dalam perlakuan terhadap pengungsi Ukraina dan Timur Tengah, yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor sejarah, budaya, dan persepsi ancaman. Kebijakan Hungaria terhadap pengungsi Ukraina cenderung lebih terbuka dan akomodatif, sementara terhadap pengungsi Timur Tengah lebih restriktif. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang kompleksitas kebijakan pengungsi dan pentingnya mempertimbangkan konteks historis dan sosial dalam analisis kebijakan luar negeri.
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Amelia, S. (2022a) Standar Ganda Polandia Terhadap Pengungsi dalam Kerangka Keamanan: Studi Kasus Krisis Pengungsi Tahun 2015 dan 2022 [Preprint].
Aziza, N. (2019) KEBIJAKAN HUNGARIA TERHADAP PENGUNGSI DI EROPA PADA 2015-2017. thesis.
Bozóki, A., & Hegedűs, D. (2018). An externally constrained hybrid regime: Hungary in the European Union. Democratization, 25(7), 1173-1189. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Clayton, J.C. and Holland, H. (2015) Over one million sea arrivals reached Europe in 2015, UNHCR. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/over-one-million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015 (Accessed: 24 May 2023).
Court of Justice of the European Union. (2017). Judgment in Joined Cases C-643/15 and C-647/15 Slovakia and Hungary v Council. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Euronews. (2015, September 4). Migrant crisis: Hungary's Orban urges EU to give Syria's neighbors more aid. Diakses pada 20 Juni 2023
Euronews. (2015, September 4). Migrant crisis: Hungary's Orban urges EU to give Syria's neighbors more aid. Diakses pada 20 Juni 2023
Eurostat. (2022). Unemployment statistics. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Fedinec, C., & Csernicskó, I. (2017). (In)voluntary Identity: Mandatory Ukrainian Education for Minorities. Hungarian Journal of Minority Studies,, hal,99., Diakses pada 15 Juli 2024
Feischmidt, M. (2020). Memory-Politics and Neonationalism: Trianon as mythomoteur. Nationalities https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.72 Papers, 48(1), p.130.Diakses pada 15 Juli 2024
Financial Times. (2021, July 16). Viktor Orban: Hungary will not be a "colony" and will not live according to the "commands" of Brussels. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2022). Consumer Price Index. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2022). Labour market statistics. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Hungarian Government. (2015). 2015 Budget Allocation for Refugee Crisis Management.
Hungarian Government. (2022). 2022 Budget Allocation for Ukrainian Refugee Support. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Hungarian Government. (2022). Statement by Balázs Orbán on Hungary's position regarding EU aid to Ukraine. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Hungary Accepted the Largest Number of Refugees per Capita From Ukraine (2022) EU/Schengen Hungary . Available at: https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/hungary-accepted-the-largest-number-of-refugees-per-capita-from-ukraine/ (Accessed: 30 May 2023) Wangke, Humphrey. 2016. Krisis Migran dan Masa Depan Integrasi Eropa, Info Singkat Hubungan Internasional, Vol. 8 No.3 (Februari) hlm 5-8.
Hungary Accepted the Largest Number of Refugees per Capita From Ukraine t(2022) EU/Schengen Hungary . Available at: https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/hungary-accepted-the-largest-number-of-refugees-per-capita-from-ukraine/ (Accessed: 30 May 2023).
Ibid
IMF. (2022). World Economic Outlook Database. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Kántor, Z. (2014). Hungary's Kin-State Politics, 2010–2014. Minority Studies, 17, hal 23., Diakses pada 15 Juli 2024
Kóczán, G. (2022). The Ukrainian Refugee Crisis: The Hungarian Response. European Journal of Migration and Law, 318., Diakses pada 15 Juli 2024
Krekó, P., & Szicherle, P. (2018). Why Is Hungary Blocking Ukraine's Western Integration? Atlantic Council. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Ministry of Economic Development. (2022). Official statement on Ukrainian refugees and Hungarian economy. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary. (2016). Official statement by Minister Péter Szijjártó on EU migration policy. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024 Politico. (2022, December 6). Hungary vetoes €18B Ukraine aid package. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Mohatt, N. V., Thompson, A. B., Thai, N. D., & Tebes, J. K. (2014). Historical trauma as public narrative: A conceptual review of how history impacts present-day health. Social Science & Medicine, 106(1), 128-136. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.043., Diakses pada 15 Juli 2024
Monte, M.D. and Orav, A. (2023) Solidarity in EU asylum policy, EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/649344/EPRS_BRI(2020)649344_EN.pdf (Accessed: 22 May 2023).
National Bank of Hungary. (2022). Quarterly Report on Inflation. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Reuters. (2015, September 3). Hungary PM Orban: We don't want more Muslim refugees. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Reuters. (2015, September 4). Hungary PM Orban: We don't want more Muslim refugees. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Reuters. (2015, September 4). Hungary PM Orban: We don't want more Muslim refugees. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Reuters. (2015, September 8). Hungary says migrant influx 'stops' economic growth. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Sabic, S.S. (2017b) The Relocation of Refugees in the European Union Implementation of Solidarity and Fear. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320452615_The_Relocation_of_Refugees_in_the_European_Union_Implementation_of_Solidarity_and_Fear (Accessed: 22 May 2023).
Society (2022) Humanitarian council : Hungary received largest number of refugees per capita.
UKRAINE SITUATION FLASH UPDATE #1 ’ (2022a) UNHCR Regional Bureau for Europe [Preprint].
UNHCR. (2016). Hungary Asylum Statistics. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Visegrad Group. (2015, September 4). Joint Statement of the Heads of Government of the Visegrad Group Countries. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
World Bank. (2022). GDP growth (annual %) - Hungary. Diakses pada 25 Juli 2024
Published
2025-02-12
How to Cite
Merbawono, K. (2025). DOUBLE STANDARD POLICY HUNGARIA TERHADAP PENGUNGSI STUDI KASUS : PENGUNGSI UKRAINA DAN TIMUR TENGAH. Global Insights Journal : Jurnal Mahasiswa Hubungan Internasional, 2(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/gij.v2i1.2748
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