Diplomacy and Global Security Journal : Jurnal Mahasiswa Magister Hubungan Internasional

STRATEGI DIPLOMASI KOREA SELATAN TERHADAP INDONESIA DALAM PROGRAM LABELISASI HALAL PRODUK MAKANAN KOREA SELATAN

Abdul Syakur — Mon, 18 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to analyze South Korea’s diplomatic strategy toward Indonesia in responding to the halal food labeling policy. Indonesia’s halal policy, regulated under the Halal Product Assurance Law, serves not only as a domestic consumer-protection instrument but also as a form of regulatory power with cross-border implications. In this context, the study examines how the policy shapes South Korea’s diplomatic responses through economic diplomacy, the use of cultural soft power, and the involvement of state and non-state actors, using a qualitative approach based on a literature review, document analysis, and policy analysis.

The findings indicate that South Korea responds to Indonesia’s halal policy through adaptive, regulatory-compliant economic diplomacy, adjusting its production and export systems to Indonesia’s halal standards without establishing a national halal law. Cultural soft power, driven by the Korean Wave, serves as a catalyst for public acceptance but does not replace halal certification as a formal mechanism of legitimacy. Furthermore, halal diplomacy operates through a multi-actor model involving both state and non-state actors. This study concludes that halal diplomacy represents a contemporary form of value-based diplomacy that integrates regulatory power, economic diplomacy, cultural soft power, and multi-actor engagement.

DARI NETRALITAS KE ALIANSI: KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL SWEDIA BERGABUNG DENGAN NATO TAHUN 2022–2024

Tri Nandasari Rahmawati Aulia Sutrisno Putri — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:10:30 +0700

This article examines Sweden's national interests in applying for and realizing membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) during the period 2022–2024, a decision that marks a fundamental shift from the tradition of neutrality maintained for nearly two centuries. Using a qualitative approach based on literature review, this study employs the neorealist theoretical framework of Kenneth Waltz reinforced by the concepts of balance of power, national security, alliances, foreign policy, national interest, and international security. The results show that Sweden's decision to join NATO was driven by two main external factors: first, Russia's increasing aggressiveness disproportionate to its military capability; and second, the European Union's defense limitations dependent on United States military power through NATO. Sweden's manifested national interests encompass four dimensions: military interests in collective security guarantees and deterrence effects through NATO Article 5; security interests in sovereignty protection and defense interoperability; economic interests in integrating national defense industries into the alliance market; and political interests in enhancing negotiating position and diplomatic influence in the Euro-Atlantic security architecture. This study confirms that Sweden's foreign policy transformation is a rational response to structural changes in the international system.

DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN MELALUI KERJA SAMA KEAMANAN VVIP: PERAN PASPAMPRES DALAM HUBUNGAN PERTAHANAN INDONESIA–KOREA SELATAN PERIODE 2019–2023

Cakra Dirgantara — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:11:56 +0700

This study examines the contribution of the Indonesian Presidential Security Force (Paspampres) as an instrument of Indonesia’s defence diplomacy within the framework of VVIP security cooperation with the Presidential Security Service (PSS) of South Korea during the 2019–2023 period. The background of this research stems from the increasing intensity of bilateral defence relations between Indonesia and South Korea, which not only encompass conventional military dimensions but also extend to the domain of head-of-state security as an arena of non-combat military diplomacy. The objective of this study is to analyze in depth the roles, mechanisms, and outcomes of defence diplomacy generated through joint exercises between Paspampres and the PSS. This research employs a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach, with data collected through library research and internet-based research, and analyzed using Gindarsah’s (2015) defence diplomacy framework, which consists of three main indicators: confidence building, capacity building, and defence cooperation.

The findings reveal that the contribution of Paspampres to defence diplomacy is layered and multidimensional, being most dominant at the bilateral technical-operational level, fairly significant within the global context and diplomatic outcomes, and supportive at the ASEAN regional level. The joint exercises with the PSS during 2019–2023 were proven to generate strategic trust, enhance the institutional capacity of Paspampres, strengthen bilateral relations, and improve Indonesia’s international reputation. This study confirms that modern defence diplomacy can be effectively carried out by elite non-combat units as strategic instruments for building sustainable interstate relations.

DIPLOMASI PUBLIK INDONESIA DI FORUM INTERNASIONAL: ANTARA PERAN AKTIF, PASIF, DAN PARTISIPATIF DALAM PERSPEKTIF PEMBENTUKAN CITRA NEGARA

Richard Robert Saerang — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:14:00 +0700

Public diplomacy is an important instrument in building a country’s image in international forums. Indonesia has demonstrated active involvement in strategic forums such as ASEAN, the United Nations, and the G20. However, the level of participation has not fully succeeded in creating a strong and consistent national image at the global level. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using data obtained through literature studies, document analysis, observation, and interviews. The analysis is based on role theory, which includes active, passive, and participatory roles. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s public diplomacy is carried out through these three roles, although they have not been optimally integrated. The active role remains contextual in nature, the passive role tends to be administrative, and the participatory role has not been strategically utilized in public communication. The effectiveness of public diplomacy is influenced by internal factors, such as coordination and narrative consistency, as well as external factors, including geopolitical dynamics and global perceptions. Therefore, a more integrated and sustainable public diplomacy strategy is needed to strengthen Indonesia’s image at the international level.

KERJASAMA PERTAHANAN INDONESIA-AMERIKA SERIKAT DALAM PENGADAAN PESAWAT TNI AU

Prayoga Restu Abadi — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:15:27 +0700

This study aims to analyze the defense cooperation between Indonesia and the United States in the procurement of Indonesian Air Force aircraft as part of the modernization of defense equipment and the fulfillment of the Minimum Essential Force (MEF) policy. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method through library research and in-depth interviews. The analytical framework applies neorealism theory, the concept of national interest, and defense cooperation to explain the driving factors and processes behind the bilateral defense cooperation. The findings reveal that Indonesia–United States defense cooperation is driven by the strategic interests of both countries in maintaining Indo-Pacific regional stability, enhancing defense capacity, and strengthening bilateral relations. The procurement of F-15EX fighter aircraft, C-130J Super Hercules transport aircraft, and Airbus A330 MRTT forms part of Indonesia’s air defense modernization strategy as well as an effort to avoid the impact of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) related to defense procurement from Russia. Furthermore, the cooperation also includes transfer of technology and transfer of knowledge to support the development of Indonesia’s national defense industry. This study concludes that Indonesia–United States defense cooperation is not solely aimed at military strengthening, but also serves as a strategic instrument to enhance Indonesia’s bargaining position, reinforce regional stability, and support national interests in defense and security sectors.

PERAN UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND (UNICEF) DALAM MENGATASI FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION DI MESIR TAHUN 2016–2023

Arinda Dhea Sastrawati — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:17:52 +0700

This study aims to analyze the role of UNICEF as an international organization in addressing the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Egypt during the period 2016–2023. FGM remains a serious issue in Egypt despite its criminalization, due to the strong influence of cultural norms, misinterpretations of religious teachings, and persistent social legitimacy surrounding the practice. This research employs a qualitative method through library research, guided by institutional liberalism and international organization theory, particularly the concept of the norm entrepreneur, to explain UNICEF’s strategies in promoting social and policy change. The findings indicate that UNICEF plays a strategic role through four main approaches: collaboration with UNFPA in the Joint Programme: Accelerating Change, policy advocacy, public campaigns, and community empowerment involving local leaders. Programs such as Protect Her from FGM and the educational animation Hekayet Nehad have contributed to heightened public awareness and a decline in FGM prevalence among adolescent girls. At the policy level, UNICEF has supported the strengthening of regulations and the enforcement of anti-FGM laws in Egypt. Additionally, through the engagement of religious figures, healthcare workers, and women change agents, UNICEF has successfully introduced new norms rejecting FGM as a cultural or religious practice. This study concludes that UNICEF functions not only as a technical program implementer but also as a normative agent capable of shaping social and legal frameworks for the eradication of FGM. These findings affirm that international organizations possess significant capacity to influence domestic policies and drive social transformation on issues pertaining to the protection of women and children.

SIGNIFIKANSI PERAN NEGARA DALAM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL: STUDI KASUS IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN SINGKAT LARANGAN EKSPOR CPO INDONESIA TAHUN 2022 BAGI HUBUNGAN INDONESIA DENGAN NEGARA INDIA

Melani Maulida — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:19:44 +0700

Indonesia's brief ban on CPO exports in 2022 was the government's response to the scarcity and surge in cooking oil prices in the domestic market. This study aims to analyze the implications of this policy on Indonesia-India bilateral relations and the significance of the state's role in international trade from a neo-mercantilist perspective. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, using secondary data from policy documents, trade data, and scientific publications. The results show that this policy reflects strong state intervention to protect national interests amid global dynamics. The implications for India as the main importer are significant, marked by a 10% decline in CPO import volume in May 2022 and the delay of approximately 290,000 tons of CPO shipments, which triggered an increase in vegetable oil prices in the Indian market. This situation prompted India to respond strategically by diversifying its supply sources to Malaysia and accelerating the development of domestic palm oil plantations in the Telangana region to reduce its dependence on Indonesia. This study concludes that bilateral tensions can be mitigated through economic diplomacy and the accelerated lifting of export bans as a form of government responsiveness to restore the confidence of trading partners.

DIPLOMASI INDONESIA DENGAN MYANMAR DALAM RANGKA PENYELAMATAN WNI BERMASALAH

Dody Adhi Nugroho — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:21:59 +0700

This study analyzes Indonesia’s diplomacy with Myanmar in the effort to rescue Indonesian citizens (WNI) in distress amid the complex political and security situation following the 2021 military coup. The increasing cases of human trafficking, online scams, and illegal labor exploitation involving Indonesian citizens in Myanmar have compelled the state to optimize diplomacy as an instrument of citizen protection. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing literature study and internet-based data collection techniques. The analytical framework includes neorealism, human security, and the concept of diplomacy to explain the role of state and non-state actors, as well as the dynamics of the international structure in the rescue process.

The findings indicate that Indonesia’s diplomacy is not only conducted through formal channels (track one diplomacy), but also involves a multi-track diplomacy approach engaging international organizations, civil society, and regional cooperation. However, the implementation faces several challenges, including limited diplomatic access, unstable security conditions, and ASEAN’s non-intervention principle. This study concludes that the effectiveness of Indonesia’s diplomacy in ensuring the human security of its citizens depends on synergy among actors and adaptive diplomatic strategies in responding to regional dynamics.

PERAN UNI EMIRAT ARAB DALAM DINAMIKA KONFLIK SUDAN: ANALISIS KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL DAN STRATEGI REGIONAL DI AFRIKA TIMUR

Edward Sitorus — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:23:21 +0700

The UAE's role in the dynamics of the Sudanese conflict reflects a complex foreign policy transformation: from investment-based economic diplomacy to power-based strategic diplomacy. Sudan, in this case, is not simply an economic partner or aid recipient, but also a strategic arena for the UAE to demonstrate its capabilities and capacity as a new global actor in East Africa. This research is relevant not only for understanding the bilateral relationship between the UAE and Sudan, but also for mapping the direction of UAE foreign policy in Africa and its impact on the stability of the Red Sea region. This research uses qualitative research, using the triangulation method as a fundraising technique. The results show that the Sudanese conflict not only represents a domestic crisis but also reflects the dynamics of regional and international power politics in East Africa. Understanding the UAE's role provides a broader picture of how internal conflicts in Africa are increasingly connected to the strategic interests of external actors.

DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN KEAMANAN INDIA–PAKISTAN DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KEAMANAN REGIONAL DI ASIA SELATAN

Dwiki Agung — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:26:01 +0700

This study analyzes the dynamics of security relations between India and Pakistan and their impact on regional security in South Asia. Since their partition in 1947, the two countries have continuously faced tensions rooted in the Kashmir territorial dispute, nuclear rivalry, terrorism issues, and regional geopolitical factors. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, this research collected data through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The analysis was conducted using theoretical frameworks encompassing neorealism, national interest theory, the concept of deterrence, the Regional Security Complex (RSC), Balance of Power, and interdependence theory. The findings indicate that during the 2019–2023 period, India–Pakistan relations were marked by military escalation in Kashmir, India’s revocation of Kashmir’s autonomy through the abrogation of Article 370, military modernization that intensified the arms race, and the involvement of external factors such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. The impacts on regional security include the threat of nuclear conflict, an increase in refugees, the spread of cross-border terrorism, and economic instability. This study concludes that sustainable solutions require diplomatic dialogue, multilateral conflict management, and enhanced inclusive regional cooperation.

IMPLEMENTASI DIPLOMASI PELINDUNGAN OLEH PEMERINTAH INDONESIA TERHADAP PEKERJA MIGRAN INDONESIA DI JEPANG

M. Makki Nahari — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:27:17 +0700

Citizen protection diplomacy is one of Indonesia's foreign policy priorities, as it is mandated by the national constitution. One of its objectives is to protect Indonesian migrant workers due to their vulnerability to exploitation, fraud, and legal issues. In 2019, Indonesia and Japan inked the Memorandum of Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Japan on a Basic Framework for Proper Operation of the System Pertaining to Foreign Human Resources with the Status of Residence of “Specified Skilled Worker” (MoC). This MoC is not only a legal basis for Indonesian migrant workers’ placement in Japan but also serves as a protection diplomacy instrument. This research will examine the effectiveness of the implementation and obstacles of Indonesian protection diplomacy in Japan through the MoC, using 3 (three main theories, namely protection diplomacy, international migration, and duty of care, as well as supporting theories, which include human security, human rights, and international treaties. This research found that, while the implementation of protection diplomacy in Japan through the MoC is considered relatively effective, there remain gaps and room for improvement. The Indonesian government needs to focus more on designing appropriate protection schemes, rather than simply pursuing placement targets.

KERJA SAMA PERTAHANAN INDONESIA DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT DALAM UPAYA MENDUKUNG MODERNISASI MILITER INDONESIA

Mohamad Nafis — Mon, 18 May 2026 14:29:37 +0700

Defense cooperation between Indonesia and the United States has been a significant aspect in supporting Indonesia's military modernization. This collaboration has been in place since the 1950s, shortly after Indonesia gained independence. This study aims to examine the history, evolution, and impact of defense cooperation between the two nations in advancing Indonesia's military modernization efforts. The research methodology employed includes historical analysis and an in-depth literature review concerning defense cooperation, military modernization, and bilateral relations between Indonesia and the United States.The findings reveal a substantial development in defense cooperation between Indonesia and the United States over time. Initially focused on military aid, the cooperation has progressed to include technology transfer and military training, significantly contributing to Indonesia's military modernization. However, challenges such as reliance on foreign technology and political implications regarding national sovereignty need to be carefully considered.