IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN DI KAWASAN INDO-PASIFIK
Keywords:
Cyber Warfare, China, Indo-Pacific, Security Stability, Military Technological Dominance, Geopolitics.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze China’s cyber warfare strategy in its efforts to expand geopolitical influence in the Indo-Pacific region and to examine the implications of China’s military technological dominance for regional security stability. The rapid development of digital technology and cyber capabilities has transformed cyberspace into a strategic instrument in global power competition. This research employs a qualitative method through literature review, document analysis, and the examination of relevant academic and policy sources. The analysis is conducted using the perspectives of Realism, Security Dilemma Theory, Power Transition Theory, and Regional Security Complex Theory.
The findings indicate that China utilizes cyber warfare strategies through cyber espionage, hacking operations, digital disinformation campaigns, and the advancement of information and communication technologies to strengthen its political, economic, and security influence in the Indo-Pacific. Furthermore, China’s military technological dominance, supported by developments in artificial intelligence, 5G networks, and military modernization, has enhanced its strategic position as a major regional power. However, these developments have also prompted security responses from countries such as the United States, Japan, India, and Australia, which have intensified their defense cooperation and cybersecurity partnerships. This situation has generated a security dilemma that increases regional tensions and contributes to an emerging arms race. The study concludes that China’s cyber warfare strategy and military technological dominance have become key instruments for expanding its geopolitical influence while simultaneously creating new challenges for the security and stability of the Indo-Pacific region.
References
Allison, Graham. (2017). Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap? Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI). (2020). China’s Cyber Influence in Australia’s Democracy. ASPI Reports.
Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Buzan, B., & Waever, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). (2021). China’s Cyber Capabilities and Military Strategy. CSIS Reports.
Cheung, T. M. (2019). Forging China's Military Might: A New Framework for Assessing Innovation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
China People’s Liberation Army, 2004. China White Paper. Diakses melalui : http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20041227/III.htm#5
Congressional Research Service. (2023). China’s Military Modernization: Implications for U.S. Defense. Washington, D.C.: CRS.
Cordesman, A. H. (2020). China's Military Modernization: Force Development and Strategic Capabilities. CSIS.
CSIRT, 2025. Serangan Siber China: Ancaman Global pada AS dan Taiwan. Diakses melalui: https://csirt.or.id/berita/serangan-siber-china-as-taiwan
Erickson, A. S., & Kennedy, C. M. (2022). China’s Maritime Strategy: The Role of the People’s Liberation Army Navy. Naval War College Review.
Fearon, J. D. (1995). Rationalist Explanations for War. International Organization, 49(3), 379-414.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2016). OPM Data Breach: China’s Cyber Espionage Activities. FBI Reports.
Forbes, 2023. Spotlight On APT10. Diakses melalui : https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilsayegh/2023/02/21/spotlight-on-apt10/
Fung, C. J. (2020). China's Cyber Power: Strategic Objectives and Policy Implications. International Affairs.
Gautam Chhabara, 2020. How Huawei came to rule the 5G World?. Diakses melalui: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-huawei-came-rule-5gworld-gautam-chhabra
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.
Heath, T. (2018). China’s Cyber Warfare and Military Strategy. RAND Corporation.
Herz, J. H. (1950). Political Realism and Political Idealism: A Study in Theories and Realities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. London: Andrew Crooke.
Indo-Pacific Forum Defense, 2024. Fake news, nonexistent journalists part of Beijing’s information manipulation scheme. Diakses melalui: https://ipdefenseforum.com/2024/10/fake-news-nonexistent-journalistspart-of-beijings-information-manipulation-scheme/
J.C Johari 1985 dalam Teuku May Rudy, Administrasi dan Organisasi Internasional (Bandung: PT Refika Aditama, 2005), hlm. 71.
Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167-214.
Kania, E. B. (2017). Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China's Future Military Power. Center for a New American Security.
Kania, E. B. (2019). China's Strategic Investment in AI and 5G. Center for a New American Security.
Kania, E. B. (2021). AI and the Future of Warfare: China’s Strategic Perspective. The Diplomat.
Kaplan, R. D. (2014). Asia’s Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific. Random House.
Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kugler, Jacek, and Tammen, Ronald L. (2012). The Performance of Nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Lee, K.-F. (2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Lyu Jinghua, 2022. What Are China’s Cyber Capabilities and Intentions?. Diakses melalui : https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2019/04/what-arechinas-cyber-capabilities-and-intentions?lang=en
Machiavelli, N. (1532). The Prince. Florence: Antonio Blado d'Asola.
Mandiant. (2013). APT1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units. FireEye.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Miles dan A. Michael Huberman, 1992.Hal: 15-17
Mix mode, 2023. APT 1, COMMENT PANDA – PLA Unit 61398, CHINA. Diakses elalui: https://mixmode.ai/threat-intelligence-research/apt-1comment-panda-pla-unit-61398china/#___APT_1_COMMENT_PANDA__PLA_Unit_61398_CHINA_
Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Nathaniel Richmond, 2019. Operation Cloud Hopper Case Study. Diakses melalui: https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/operation-cloud-hopper-casestudy/
Organski, A.F.K. (1958). World Politics. New York: Knopf.
Peter Harrell, 2025. Managing the Risks of China’s Access to U.S. Data and Control of Software and Connected Technology. Diakses melalui : https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/01/managing-the-risks-ofchinas-access-to-us-data-and-control-of-software-and-connectedtechnology?lang=en
Publikasi Ilmiah UNWAHAS. (2023). Analisis Strategi Keamanan Siber China di Kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Diakses melalui: https://publikasiilmiah.unwahas.ac.id
Rolland, N. (2017). China's Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative. The National Bureau of Asian Research.
Sanger, D. E. (2018). The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age. Crown Publishing Group
Segal, A. (2017). The Hacked World Order: How Nations Fight, Trade, Maneuver, and Manipulate in the Digital Age. PublicAffairs.
Steven Feldstein, 2022. Disentangling The Digital Battlefield: How the Internet Has Changed War. Diakses melalui :
https://warontherocks.com/2022/12/disentangling-the-digital-battlefieldhow-the-internet-has-changed-war/
Sugiyono. 2004. Metode Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: CV. Alfabeta.
Tammen, Ronald L., et al. (2000). Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers.
Tempo, 2014. Penyusup Rahasia di Sudut Pudong. Diakses melalui: https://www.tempo.co/internasional/penyusup-rahasia-di-sudut-pudong-921684
UNAV. (2023). Chinese Cyber Warfare in the Indo-Pacific. University of Navarra. Diakses melalui : https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs
Universidad de Navarra, 2023. Chinese Cyber Warfare in the Indo-Pacific: An analysis of means, targets, and solutions. Diakses melalui : https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/chinese-cyber-warfare-in-theindo-pacific
US Department of justice, 2014. U.S. Charges Five Chinese Military Hackers for Cyber Espionage Against U.S. Corporations and a Labor Organization for Commercial Advantage. Diakses melalui: https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/us-charges-five-chinesemilitary-hackers-cyber-espionage-against-us-corporations-and-labor
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Wired, 2016. Inside the Cyberattack That Shocked the US Government. Diakses melalui: https://www.wired.com/2016/10/inside-cyberattack-shocked-usgovernment/
Zhang, D. (2021). China's Cybersecurity Law: A Comprehensive Analysis.
Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy.
Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI). (2020). China’s Cyber Influence in Australia’s Democracy. ASPI Reports.
Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Buzan, B., & Waever, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). (2021). China’s Cyber Capabilities and Military Strategy. CSIS Reports.
Cheung, T. M. (2019). Forging China's Military Might: A New Framework for Assessing Innovation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
China People’s Liberation Army, 2004. China White Paper. Diakses melalui : http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20041227/III.htm#5
Congressional Research Service. (2023). China’s Military Modernization: Implications for U.S. Defense. Washington, D.C.: CRS.
Cordesman, A. H. (2020). China's Military Modernization: Force Development and Strategic Capabilities. CSIS.
CSIRT, 2025. Serangan Siber China: Ancaman Global pada AS dan Taiwan. Diakses melalui: https://csirt.or.id/berita/serangan-siber-china-as-taiwan
Erickson, A. S., & Kennedy, C. M. (2022). China’s Maritime Strategy: The Role of the People’s Liberation Army Navy. Naval War College Review.
Fearon, J. D. (1995). Rationalist Explanations for War. International Organization, 49(3), 379-414.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2016). OPM Data Breach: China’s Cyber Espionage Activities. FBI Reports.
Forbes, 2023. Spotlight On APT10. Diakses melalui : https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilsayegh/2023/02/21/spotlight-on-apt10/
Fung, C. J. (2020). China's Cyber Power: Strategic Objectives and Policy Implications. International Affairs.
Gautam Chhabara, 2020. How Huawei came to rule the 5G World?. Diakses melalui: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-huawei-came-rule-5gworld-gautam-chhabra
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.
Heath, T. (2018). China’s Cyber Warfare and Military Strategy. RAND Corporation.
Herz, J. H. (1950). Political Realism and Political Idealism: A Study in Theories and Realities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. London: Andrew Crooke.
Indo-Pacific Forum Defense, 2024. Fake news, nonexistent journalists part of Beijing’s information manipulation scheme. Diakses melalui: https://ipdefenseforum.com/2024/10/fake-news-nonexistent-journalistspart-of-beijings-information-manipulation-scheme/
J.C Johari 1985 dalam Teuku May Rudy, Administrasi dan Organisasi Internasional (Bandung: PT Refika Aditama, 2005), hlm. 71.
Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167-214.
Kania, E. B. (2017). Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China's Future Military Power. Center for a New American Security.
Kania, E. B. (2019). China's Strategic Investment in AI and 5G. Center for a New American Security.
Kania, E. B. (2021). AI and the Future of Warfare: China’s Strategic Perspective. The Diplomat.
Kaplan, R. D. (2014). Asia’s Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific. Random House.
Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kugler, Jacek, and Tammen, Ronald L. (2012). The Performance of Nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Lee, K.-F. (2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Lyu Jinghua, 2022. What Are China’s Cyber Capabilities and Intentions?. Diakses melalui : https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2019/04/what-arechinas-cyber-capabilities-and-intentions?lang=en
Machiavelli, N. (1532). The Prince. Florence: Antonio Blado d'Asola.
Mandiant. (2013). APT1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units. FireEye.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Miles dan A. Michael Huberman, 1992.Hal: 15-17
Mix mode, 2023. APT 1, COMMENT PANDA – PLA Unit 61398, CHINA. Diakses elalui: https://mixmode.ai/threat-intelligence-research/apt-1comment-panda-pla-unit-61398china/#___APT_1_COMMENT_PANDA__PLA_Unit_61398_CHINA_
Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Nathaniel Richmond, 2019. Operation Cloud Hopper Case Study. Diakses melalui: https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/operation-cloud-hopper-casestudy/
Organski, A.F.K. (1958). World Politics. New York: Knopf.
Peter Harrell, 2025. Managing the Risks of China’s Access to U.S. Data and Control of Software and Connected Technology. Diakses melalui : https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/01/managing-the-risks-ofchinas-access-to-us-data-and-control-of-software-and-connectedtechnology?lang=en
Publikasi Ilmiah UNWAHAS. (2023). Analisis Strategi Keamanan Siber China di Kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Diakses melalui: https://publikasiilmiah.unwahas.ac.id
Rolland, N. (2017). China's Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative. The National Bureau of Asian Research.
Sanger, D. E. (2018). The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age. Crown Publishing Group
Segal, A. (2017). The Hacked World Order: How Nations Fight, Trade, Maneuver, and Manipulate in the Digital Age. PublicAffairs.
Steven Feldstein, 2022. Disentangling The Digital Battlefield: How the Internet Has Changed War. Diakses melalui :
https://warontherocks.com/2022/12/disentangling-the-digital-battlefieldhow-the-internet-has-changed-war/
Sugiyono. 2004. Metode Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: CV. Alfabeta.
Tammen, Ronald L., et al. (2000). Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers.
Tempo, 2014. Penyusup Rahasia di Sudut Pudong. Diakses melalui: https://www.tempo.co/internasional/penyusup-rahasia-di-sudut-pudong-921684
UNAV. (2023). Chinese Cyber Warfare in the Indo-Pacific. University of Navarra. Diakses melalui : https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs
Universidad de Navarra, 2023. Chinese Cyber Warfare in the Indo-Pacific: An analysis of means, targets, and solutions. Diakses melalui : https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/chinese-cyber-warfare-in-theindo-pacific
US Department of justice, 2014. U.S. Charges Five Chinese Military Hackers for Cyber Espionage Against U.S. Corporations and a Labor Organization for Commercial Advantage. Diakses melalui: https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/us-charges-five-chinesemilitary-hackers-cyber-espionage-against-us-corporations-and-labor
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Wired, 2016. Inside the Cyberattack That Shocked the US Government. Diakses melalui: https://www.wired.com/2016/10/inside-cyberattack-shocked-usgovernment/
Zhang, D. (2021). China's Cybersecurity Law: A Comprehensive Analysis.
Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy.
Published
2026-04-28
How to Cite
Kaseke, M. (2026). IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN DI KAWASAN INDO-PASIFIK. Diplomacy and Global Security Journal : Jurnal Mahasiswa Magister Hubungan Internasional, 2(2), 194-225. https://doi.org/10.36859/dgsj.v2i2.5621
Section
Articles
.png)
.png)
