STRATEGI PERANG JARAK JAUH AMERIKA SERIKAT DI TANDUK AFRIKA
Keywords:
Horn of Africa, Security Cooperation, Counterterrorism, Long-Range Warfa
Abstract
The implementation of the United States' (US) long-range war strategy in the Horn of Africa region as a response to threats and modern counterterrorism efforts also faces various challenges of complex security dynamics, especially those related to transnational terrorism, armed conflict, and political instability involving various local, regional, and international actors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the indirect US military intervention in the battlefield through the implementation of a long-range war strategy, through aspects such as policies, mechanisms, effectiveness, and to evaluate its effectiveness in counterterrorism operations carried out. The research method used is a qualitative approach with library research data collection techniques and descriptive-analytical analysis, by analyzing relevant academic literature. The research findings indicate that a combination of strategies, including local security cooperation, intelligence assistance, training, special operations, military operations, the use of advanced technology and private military security contractors, local security agencies, and long-range air operations, has proven effective in enhancing regional threat mitigation and stability, countering terrorism, strengthening and expanding US political and military positions and influence, securing access to bases and resources in the region, strengthening regional defense capacity, and assisting in building long-term political and military relationships with partner nations. However, the implementation of this combination requires ongoing adjustments to remain relevant. Therefore, it can be concluded that the long-range war strategy through security cooperation is a crucial tool in US counterterrorism in the Horn of Africa and has proven effective in addressing complex security challenges without requiring a direct military presence.
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Evans, Gareth. 1994. Cooperative Security and Intra–State Conflict. Foreign Policy, No. 96 .
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Galeotti, Mark. 2016. "Hybrid, Ambiguous, and Non-Linear? How New is Russia’s “New Way of War?" Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 27, No. 2 282–301.
Gould, Jolle Demmers & Lauren. 2018. "An Assemblage Approach to Liquid Warfare: AFRICOM and the “Hunt” for Joseph Kony." Security Dialogue, Vol. 49, No. 5 364–381.
Group, Oxford Research. 2016. Airwars, Limited Accountability: A transparency audit of the anti-ISIL Coalition. Oxford Research Group.
Gusterson, Hugh. 2016. Drone: Remote Control Warfare. Massachusetts; London: England: The MIT Press.
Kant, Immanuel. 1996. Classics of Modern Political Theory: Machiavelli to Mill. London: Oxford University Press.
Katzman, Kenneth, and Clayton Thomas. 2017. Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and US Policy. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service.
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Matisek, Jahara. 2018. "The crisis of American military assistance: strategic dithering and Fabergé Egg Armies." Defense and Security Analysis, Vol. 34, No. 3 278-279.
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Rob Johnson. 2017. True to Their Salt: Indigenous Personnel in Western Armed Forces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robson, Collin. 1993. Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: Blackwell Publishing.
Ross, Tommy. (2016). " “Leveraging Security cooperation as Military Strategy"." The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 3 96-97.
Ryan, Maria. 2019. Full Spectrum Dominance: Irregular Warfare and the War on Terror. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Secretariat Cairo. 1995. "United Nation Congress On The Prevention Of Crime And The Treatment Of Offenders."
Shaw, Martin. 2005. "The New Western Way of War: Risk-Transfer War and its Crisis in Iraq." Cambridge: Polity 1.
Stephen Biddle, Julia Macdonald, & Ryan Baker. 2017. "mall Footprint, Small Payoff: The Military Effectiveness of Security Force Assistance." Journal of Strategic Studies Vol. 41, N.
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Tanner, Stephen. 2002. Afghanistan : A Military History From Alexander the Great ti the fall of the Taliban . Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
Varin, Caroline. 2025. "Turning the Tides of War: The Impact of Private Military and Security Companies on Nigeria’s ."
Watson, Emily Knowles & Abigail. 2018. Remote Warfare: Lessons Learned from Contemporary Theatres. Oxford Research Group, Oxford: Remote Warfare Programme.
Watts, Rubrick Biegon & Tom. 2017. "When ends Trump Means: Continuity Versus Change in US Counterterrorism Policy." Global Affairs 37–53.
White, Taylor. 2014. " Security cooperation: How It All Fits." Joint Forces Quarterly, Vol. 72 ( 106–108.
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Sinaga, Yuni Arisandy. 2019. Indonesia Siap Berkontribusi Proses Perdamaian di Afghanistan. Maret 15. Accessed Januari 30, 2024. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/810347/indonesia-siap-berkontribusi-proses-perdamaian-diafghanistan#.
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Security Assistance Monitor. 2018. “Data: Programs FY 06-18”. Accessed 2025. http://securityassistance.org/data/ program.
Serafino, Nina. n.d. “Global Security Contingency Fund: Summary and Issue Overview”,. Accessed 2025. https://fas.org/sgp/ crs/row/R42641.pdf.
Oberdorfer, Don. 2025. US Offers Military Aid to Somalia. Accessed 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/ politics/1977/07/26/us-offers-military-aid-to-somalia/43249aa8-57e5-45d3-a55c-c4eec934da9a/.
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(DFID, Department for International Development. 2018. Conflict, Stability and Security Fund. Annual Report 2018/19, Her Majesty’s Government,.
Ashton B. Carter, William J. Perry, & John D. Steinbruner. 1993. A New Concept of Cooperative Security. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution Press.
Azham Md. Ali, Hamidah Yusof. Juni, 2011. "Quality and qualitative studies: The case of validity, reliability, and generalizability." Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, Vol. 5, No. 1 . 25-26.
Belo, David Carment & Dani. 2025. "War’s Future: The Risks and Rewards of Grey Zone Conflict and Hybrid Warfare, ." Canadian Global Affairs Institute.
Chesterman, Simon. 2011. "Leading from Behind”: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya." Ethics and international affairs vol 25 279-285.
Clausewitz, Carl Von. 1940/1832). On War. London: Keagan Paul, French, Truebner.
Coker, Christopher. 2013. Warrior Geeks: How 21st Century Technology is Changing the Way We Fight and Think About War. Hurst Publishing.
Craig, Dylan. 2012. roxy war by African States, 1950–2010. American University.
Doug Stokes & Kit Waterman, Maria Ryan. 2020. "Enormous Opportunities” and “Hot Frontiers”: Sub-Saharan Africa in US Grand Strategy." The International History Review 155–175.
Duffield, Mark. 2002. "Social Reconstruction and the Radicalization of Development: Aid as a Relation of Global Liberal Governance." Development and Change, Vol. 33, No. 5 1049–1071.
Evans, Gareth. 1994. Cooperative Security and Intra–State Conflict. Foreign Policy, No. 96 .
Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the third world: United States foreign policy, 1945–1980. 1988. Confronting the third world: United States foreign policy, 1945–1980. New York: New York: Pantheon.
Galeotti, Mark. 2016. "Hybrid, Ambiguous, and Non-Linear? How New is Russia’s “New Way of War?" Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 27, No. 2 282–301.
Gould, Jolle Demmers & Lauren. 2018. "An Assemblage Approach to Liquid Warfare: AFRICOM and the “Hunt” for Joseph Kony." Security Dialogue, Vol. 49, No. 5 364–381.
Group, Oxford Research. 2016. Airwars, Limited Accountability: A transparency audit of the anti-ISIL Coalition. Oxford Research Group.
Gusterson, Hugh. 2016. Drone: Remote Control Warfare. Massachusetts; London: England: The MIT Press.
Kant, Immanuel. 1996. Classics of Modern Political Theory: Machiavelli to Mill. London: Oxford University Press.
Katzman, Kenneth, and Clayton Thomas. 2017. Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and US Policy. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service.
Krieg, Andreas. 2016. "“Externalizing the burden of war: the Obama Doctrine and US Foreign Policy in the Middle East”." International Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 1 109.
Lewis, William. (1987). "US Military Assistance to Africa." CSIS Africa Notes, No. 75 3.
Makinda, Samuel M. (1982). "“Conflict and the Superpowers in the Horn of Africa”." Third World Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 98–101.
Margesson, Rhoda. 2010. United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan : Background and Policy Issue. Washington DC: CSR Report for Congress.
Maria Ryan. 2019. Full Spectrum Dominance: Irregular Warfare and the War on Terror. Standford: Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Matisek, Jahara. 2018. "The crisis of American military assistance: strategic dithering and Fabergé Egg Armies." Defense and Security Analysis, Vol. 34, No. 3 278-279.
McInnis, Kathleen J. 2016. Coalition contributions to countering the Islamic State. ongressional Research Service, the Library of Congress.
Mueller, Karl P. 2015. Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War. RAND Corporation.
Reno, William. 2018. "The politics of security assistance in the horn of Africa." Defence Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4 498–513.
Rob Johnson. 2017. True to Their Salt: Indigenous Personnel in Western Armed Forces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robson, Collin. 1993. Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: Blackwell Publishing.
Ross, Tommy. (2016). " “Leveraging Security cooperation as Military Strategy"." The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 3 96-97.
Ryan, Maria. 2019. Full Spectrum Dominance: Irregular Warfare and the War on Terror. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Secretariat Cairo. 1995. "United Nation Congress On The Prevention Of Crime And The Treatment Of Offenders."
Shaw, Martin. 2005. "The New Western Way of War: Risk-Transfer War and its Crisis in Iraq." Cambridge: Polity 1.
Stephen Biddle, Julia Macdonald, & Ryan Baker. 2017. "mall Footprint, Small Payoff: The Military Effectiveness of Security Force Assistance." Journal of Strategic Studies Vol. 41, N.
Stephen Biddle, Julia Macdonald, Ryan Baker. 2017. "Small Footprint, Small Payoff: The Military Effectiveness of Security Force Assistance." Journal of Strategic Studies 89–142.
Sterman, David. 2019. Twenty-First Century Proxy Warfare: Confronting Strategic Innovation in a Multipolar World. New America Foundation.
Tanner, Stephen. 2002. Afghanistan : A Military History From Alexander the Great ti the fall of the Taliban . Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
Varin, Caroline. 2025. "Turning the Tides of War: The Impact of Private Military and Security Companies on Nigeria’s ."
Watson, Emily Knowles & Abigail. 2018. Remote Warfare: Lessons Learned from Contemporary Theatres. Oxford Research Group, Oxford: Remote Warfare Programme.
Watts, Rubrick Biegon & Tom. 2017. "When ends Trump Means: Continuity Versus Change in US Counterterrorism Policy." Global Affairs 37–53.
White, Taylor. 2014. " Security cooperation: How It All Fits." Joint Forces Quarterly, Vol. 72 ( 106–108.
Internet
The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. 2017. “Somalia: Reported US covert actions 2001-2016". Accessed 2024. , https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/drone-war/data/somalia-reported-us-covert-actions-2001-2017.
The White House. 2013. “Fact Sheet: US Security Sector Assistance Policy”. Accessed 2025. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/05/fact-sheet-us-security-sector-assistance-policy.
Stewart, Phil. 2025. “US Discloses Secret Somalia Military Presence, up to 120 Troops”. Accessed 2025. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-somalia/exclusive-u-s-discloses-secret-somalia-military-presence-up-to-120-troops-idUSKBN0F72A820140703 /.
Tankel, Stephen. 2025. “Introduction: The Future of Security Assistance”. Accessed 2025. https://tnsr.org/roundtable/ policy-roundtable-the-pros-and-cons-of-security-assistance.
Sinaga, Yuni Arisandy. 2019. Indonesia Siap Berkontribusi Proses Perdamaian di Afghanistan. Maret 15. Accessed Januari 30, 2024. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/810347/indonesia-siap-berkontribusi-proses-perdamaian-diafghanistan#.
Staff, Chiefs of. 2017. joint Publication 3-20: Security Cooperation. Accessed 2024. https://irp.fas.org/doddir/dod/jp3_20.pdf.
Staff, Joint Chiefs of. 2017. Joint Publication 3-20: Security Cooperation. Accessed 2024. https://irp .fas.org/doddir/dod/jp3_20.pdf.
Security Assistance Monitor. 2018. “Data: Programs FY 06-18”. Accessed 2025. http://securityassistance.org/data/ program.
Serafino, Nina. n.d. “Global Security Contingency Fund: Summary and Issue Overview”,. Accessed 2025. https://fas.org/sgp/ crs/row/R42641.pdf.
Oberdorfer, Don. 2025. US Offers Military Aid to Somalia. Accessed 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/ politics/1977/07/26/us-offers-military-aid-to-somalia/43249aa8-57e5-45d3-a55c-c4eec934da9a/.
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense. 2017. Counterterrorism Partnerships Fund: Department of Defense Budget Fiscal Year (FY) 2017. Accessed 2024. http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/ defbudget/fy2017/FY2017_CTPF_J-Book.pdf.
Kuzmarov, Jeremy. 2024. "American Military Assistance Programs Since 1945." Oxfordre.com. Accessed 2025. https://oxfordre.com/ americanhistory/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-34.
Kissinger, Jay Ross. 1981. Confront Soviets in E. Africa Kissinger Advocates More Active Anti-Soviet Role in East Africa. Accessed 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/01/04/kissinger-confront-soviets-in-e-africa-kissinger-advocates-more-active-.
Knowles, Abigail Watson & Emily. 2025. “Improving the UK offer in Africa: Lessons from military partnerships on the continent”. Accessed 2025. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33381771.
Kementrian Sekretaris Negara. 2021. Indonesia-Afghanistan Sepakat Tingkatkan Kerjasama. April 6. Accessed Januari 29, 2024. https://www.setneg.go/.
Hartono, Willy. 2021. Perjanjian AS-Taliban Buka Jalan Perdamaian di Afghanistan. Maret 1. Accessed Januari 29, 2024. https://www.medcom.id/internasional/timur-tengah-afrika/yNLGE06K-perjanjian-as-taliban-buka-jalan-perdamaian-di-afghanistan.
International Crisis Group. 2020. Afghanistan Peace Talk Since 2018: A Timeline. Agustus 11. Accessed Januari 30, 2024. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/afghanistan-between-february-2019-and-august-2020-timeline.
irp.fas.org. 2017. "“Joint Publication 3-20: Security Cooperation”." irp.fas.org. Accessed 2025. https://irp.fas.org/doddir/dod/jp3_20.pdf.
Jalil, Mohammad Muaz. n.d. Practical Guidelines for Conducting Research - Summarising Good Research Practice in Line with the DCED Standard. Accessed 2025.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?Abstract _id=2591803.
Gates, Tobert. 2007. Secretary of Defense Speech. US DOD. Accessed 2025. http://archive.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1199.
Dupree, Louis, Nancy Hatch Dupree, and Victor Petrov. 2024. Afghanistan; Etnolinguistic Composition. Januari 12. Accessed Januari 27, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan
D’Anieri, Taras Kuzio & Paul. 2025. “Sources of Russia’s Great Power Politics: Ukraine and the Challenge to the European Order”. Accessed 2025. https://www.e-ir.info/publication/the-sources-of-russias-great-power-politics-ukraine-and-the-challenge-to-the-european-order/ .
DOD. 2006. Quadrennial Defense Review Report 2006. Accessed 2025. http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/ pdfs/QDR20060203.pdf.
—. 2012. Sustaining Global Leadership: Priorities For 21st Century Defence. Accessed 2025. ttp://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf
Crisisgroup.org. 2023. Out of the Box :How to Rebalance U.S. Somalia Policy. Accessed 2024. https://www.crisisgroup.org/us-horn-africa-somalia/7-out-box-how-rebalance-us-somalia-policy
Abou-Zahr, Sawssan. 2019. Peace Dispatch: March 2019. Maret 23. Accessed Januari 27, 2024. https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/peace-dispatch-march-2019/?location=nigeria&theme=conflict-prevention-early-warning.
Published
2025-10-03
How to Cite
Trilaksono, D. (2025). STRATEGI PERANG JARAK JAUH AMERIKA SERIKAT DI TANDUK AFRIKA. Diplomacy and Global Security Journal : Jurnal Mahasiswa Magister Hubungan Internasional, 2(2), 940-961. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/dgsj.v2i2.4604
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Articles
