KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI CHINA TERKAIT KONFLIK RUSIA DAN UKRAINA TAHUN 2022-2024
Keywords:
China’s Foreign Policy, China in the Russia–Ukraine Conflict, Foreign Policy Determinants
Abstract
Foreign policy is one of the key scopes within International Relations that examines how a country responds to an issue occurring within its territory that concerns another country or actor, or an issue in another country that affects the international system. This study examines China’s foreign policy in the context of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. It discusses the dualism in China’s foreign policy toward both conflicting countries, which has significant implications for China’s domestic conditions, bilateral relations, the international community’s response, and even the conflict itself. China, as Russia’s strongest ally, provides support, including in the military field; yet at the same time, China also strengthens cooperation with Ukraine and supports peace between Russia and Ukraine. This research adopts the perspective of Classical Neo-Realism and Foreign Policy Determinants further to examine the implications of this dualistic foreign policy stance.
References
Sumber Buku
Balkan Devlen, Ozgur Ozdamar. Neoclassical Realism And Foreign Policy Crises”, Rethingking Realism In International Relations Between Tradition And Innovation, 2009.
Douglas Foyle. “Public Opinion And Foreign Policy: Elite Beliefs As A Mediating Variable”. International Studies Quarterly. 1997.
Ford, Arthur P. 2009. Denting The Hub, Or Strengthening The Spokes? A Neoclassical Realism Analysis Of New Security Trends In The Pacific. Alabama: School Of Advanced Air And Space Studies Air University Maxwell Air Force Base.
Gideon Rose. “Neoclassical Realism And Theories Of Foreign Policy”, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Howard Lentner. (1974) Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative and Conceptual, Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Imam Gunawan, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Teori Dan Praktik (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2015).
Jayanatanuja Bandypadhyaya. “National Character And International Relations”. Internatiional Studies, 1976.
John W. Creswell Dan J. David Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approachess 5th Edition (Sage Publications, 2018).
Kitchen, Nicholas. 2010. ‘Systemic Pressures And Domestik Ideas: A Neoclassical Realist Model Of Grand Strategy Formation’, Review Of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1
Lexy J. Moleong, Metode Penelitian Kuaitatif, Edisi Revisi (Bandung, 2006)
Lobell, Steven E., Norrin M. Ripsman, Dan Jeffrey W. Taliaffero. 2009. Neoclassical Realism, The State, And Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mardalis, Metode Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Proposal (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 1995).
Plano, Jack. J, and Olton Roy, The International Relations Dictionary, Third. Editions, California, Western Michigan University, ABC-Clio, 1982.
Rosyidin, Mohamad. 2010. ‘Integrasi Struktur Dan Unit: Teori Politik Luar Negeri Dalam Perspektif Realisme Neoklasik’, Global, Vol.10, No.2.
Sudarwan Danim, Menjadi Peneliti Kualitatif (Bandung : Pustaka Setia, 2002).
The Balance of Power: History and Theory • Professor Michael Sheehan & Michael J. Sheehan. Taylor & Francis (1996).
Walt, S.M., “International Relations: One World, Many Theories”, Foreign Policy, 110, 1998.
Webber, Mark dan Michael Smith. Foreign Policy in a Transformed World, London: Prentice Hall, 2002
Werner Levi,. “Ideology, Interest, And Foreign Policy”. International Studies Quarterly Vol. 14. Noo 1, 1970. Halaman 3.
Yani, Yanyan Mochamad. 2017. Politik Luar Negeri. Bandung: Pustaka UNPAD.
Sumber Online :
Antaranews.com, Menlu Wang Yi tekankan Persahabatan China dan Ukraina, Online: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4214839/menlu-wang-yi-tekankan-persahabatan-china-dan-ukraina
App News, China Amplifies Unsupported Russian Claim of Ukraine Biolabs,,Online: https://apnews.com/general-news-39eeee023efdf7ea59c4a20b7e018169
Asia Society.org, Policy Institute Interpreting Xo Jinpings Shifting Strategy Rusia Ukraine War, Online: https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/interpreting-xi-jinpings-shifting-strategy-russia-ukraine-war
BBC News, How is China supporting Russia after it was sanctioned for Ukraine war?, Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/60571253
BBC News, News China Foreign Policy, Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/60571253.
BBC News, Perang Ukraina: Dukungan apa yang diberikan China kepada Rusia?, Online: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-64716779
Chat Ham House.org, War Ukraine Chinas Domestic and Diplomatic Balancing Act, Online: https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/all/members-event/war-ukraine-chinas-domestic-and-diplomatic-balancing-act
CNBC Indonesia, China Akhirnya Terang-Terangan Dukung Penuh Rusia di Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240206055735-4-512120/china-akhirnya-terang-terangan-dukung-penuh-rusia-di-perang-ukraina,
CNBC Indonesia, China Akhirnya Terang-Terangan Dukung Penuh Rusia di Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240206055735-4-512120/china-akhirnya-terang-terangan-dukung-penuh-rusia-di-perang-ukraina,
CNBC Indonesia, China Akhirnya Terang-Terangan Dukung Penuh Rusia di Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240206055735-4-512120/china-akhirnya-terang-terangan-dukung-penuh-rusia-di-perang-ukraina,
CNBC Indonesia.com, Survei: Netizen China Anggap AS Pengganggu di Ukraina, Online, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220413130949-4-331349/survei-netizen-china-anggap-as-pengganggu-di-ukraina
Detik News, Apa Dampak 2 Tahun Perang Ukraina terhadap Hubungan China-Rusia?", Online: https://news.detik.com/bbc-world/d-7343314/apa-dampak-2-tahun-perang-ukraina-terhadap-hubungan-china-rusia
Detik.com, Penyebab Konflik Rusia dan Ukraina Sebenarnya Apa ini Rumitnya, Online: https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-5943005/penyebab-konflik-rusia-dan-ukraina-sebenarnya-apa-ini-runutannya,
Financial Times, CIA director says China unsettled by Ukraine war,” Finance, Online: https://www.ft.com/content/a4e8de3b-a2aa-4f10-a820-a910274175a8
Fmprc.gov, Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People‟s Republic of China and the Russian Federation, Online: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/200107/t20010724_679026.html
Foreign Policy, Bonny Lin and John Culver, “China’s Taiwan Invasion Plan,” Online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/19/china-invasion-ukraine-taiwan/
Ft.com, Chinese people stranded in Kyiv become target of Ukrainian anger, Online: https://www.ft.com/content/af0dbe39-e31a-4db0-8ea9-6e0cb842f7b4
Guoguang Wu, Interpreting Xi Jinping's Shifting Strategy on the Russia-Ukraine War, Online: https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/interpreting-xi-jinpings-shifting-strategy-russia-ukraine-war
Institute Montaigne.org, The China-Ukraine Partnership: Surviving a Deteriorating Strategic Environment, Online: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/china-ukraine-partnership-surviving-deteriorating-strategic-environment
Internasional.kontan.co.id, China Minta Ukraina Keluarkan Perusahaan Mereka dari Daftar Hitam Perang, Online: https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/china-minta-ukraina-keluarkan-perusahaan-mereka-dari-daftar-hitam-perang
Internasional.kontan.co.id, China Minta Ukraina Keluarkan Perusahaan Mereka dari Daftar Hitam Perang, Online: https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/china-minta-ukraina-keluarkan-perusahaan-mereka-dari-daftar-hitam-perang,
Jaya Aditya Iswara, „Putin Akui Kemerdekaan Donetsk Dan Luhansk, Separatis Pro-Rusia Di Ukraina Halaman All -Kompas.Com‟, 22AD, Online: https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2022/02/22/070200670/putin-akui-kemerdekaan-donetsk-dan-luhansk-separatis-pro-rusia-di-ukraina?page=all
Kaczmarski, Marcin; Kuhrt, Natasha,. "Ukraine invasion: why China is more likely to support Russia than in the past"., Online : https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-why-china-is-more-likely-to-support-russia-than-in-the-past-177854
Kompas TV, Online : https://www.kompas.tv/internasional/545952/menhan-china-dan-rusia-perkuat-kerja-sama-militer-as-dan-barat-makin-ketar-ketir.
Kompas.com, Sejarah Hubungan Rusia dan China pada Masa Xi Jinping dan Putin", Online: https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2023/03/20/173100470/sejarah-hubungan-rusia-dan-china-pada-masa-xi-jinping-dan-putin?page=all.
Kremelin.ru, “Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the International Relations Entering a New Era and the Global Sustainable Development, Onlie: http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770
Liu, Yawei. Chinese Public Opinion on the War in Ukraine". US-China Perception Monitor, Online: https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/war-ukraine-chinese-public-opinion.
MFA Gov, News, Online: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/zyxw/202202/t20220225_10645684.shtml
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The People’s Republic of China, Online: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/zt_674979/dnzt_674981/qtzt/tww….,
Mod Gov, Online: http://www.mod.gov.cn/topnews/2022-02/02/content_4904160.htm
Pew Research, Attitudes toward China, Online; https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/attitudes-toward-china-2019/
Pism Pl. Determinats of Chinas Policy Towards The War in Ukrain, Online: https://pism.pl/publications/determinants-of-chinas-policy-towards-the-war-in-ukraine,
President.gov.UA, dalam Kompas TV, Lengkap, Inilah 12 Poin Usulan Perdamaian China Untuk Penyelesaian Politik Konflik Rusia Ukraina, Online:https://www.kompas.tv/internasional/401297/lengkap-inilah-12-poin-usulan-perdamaian-china-untuk-penyelesaian-politik-konflik-rusia-ukraina?page=all,
Qiushi, the Truth, the CCP Central Committee’s official periodical on theoretical issues, Online: http://www.qstheory.cn/zhuanqu/2021-08/27/c_1127801606.htm,
Ranty Septianty, Kebijakan Luar Negeri China Atas Invasi Rusia Ke Ukraina Periode 2022-2023, Online : http://repository.unas.ac.id
Razumkov.org, Attitude to foreign countries, international organisations and politicians, and Ukraine's accession to the European Union, Online: https://razumkov.org.ua/en/research-areas/surveys/attitude-to-foreign-countries-international-organisations-and-politicians-and-ukraine-s-accession-to-the-european-union-january-2024
Republika.id, Faktor China dalam Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.republika.id/posts/25528/faktor-cina-dalam-perang-ukraina.
Researchgate.net, Sejarah, Pengertian, dan Relevansi Sistem Balance of Power Sebagai Mekanisme Keamanan dalam Skema Perpolitikan Internasional. Online https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336915333_Sejarah_Pengertian_dan_Relevansi_Sistem_Balance_of_Power_Sebagai_Mekanisme_Keamanan_dalam_Skema_Perpolitikan_Internasionaldi.
Reuters, Ukraine calls on China to condemn Russia's invasion" , Online: https://www.reuters.com/world/white-house-calls-china-condemn-russias-invasion-ukraine-2022-02-27/,
Royan Ahmad, Tesis: Peningkatan Kerjasama Energi Rusia-China di Tengah Krisis Rusia-Ukraina 2022, Online: https://eprints.unram.ac.id/44269/2/JURNAL.pdf
Russia‟s Gas Supplies to China via Power of Siberia Hit 15.5 Bcm in 2022, Says Novak - Business & Economy - TASS‟, 2023
The Conversation, Goncharuk, Andrey; Hobova, Evgeniia V; Kiktenko, Viktor; Koval, Alex; Koshovy, Serhiy (2016). Betliy, Olena (ed.). Foreign Policy Audit: Ukraine-China
The Diplomat, Conroy, Christian, "China's Nuclear Parasol"., Online: https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/chinas-nuclear-parasol/ diakses 8 Januari 2025
The New York Times, Chris Buckley and Keith Bradsher, “Faced with a Changed Europe, China Sticks to an Old Script., Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/world/asia/china-europe-russia-ukraine.html
The Times of India. "China will not come to Russia's rescue: US official over Ukraine crisis". Oniline: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/china-will-not-come-to-russias-rescue-us-official-over-ukraine-crisis/articleshow/89871391.cms
The Washington Times, Gertz, Bill. "Putin's war tests China's nuclear pact with Ukraine", Online: , https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/feb/28/putins-war-tests-chinas-nuclear-pact-ukraine/
Ukrint Form, "China will never attack Ukraine, ambassador assures", Online: www.ukrinform.net
USCC.Gov, China’s Position on Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, Online: https://www.uscc.gov/research/chinas-position-russias-invasion-ukraine
Vasylenko, Volodymyr , "On assurances without guarantees in a "shelved document"", Online: http:://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://eppd13.cz/wp-content/uploads/2015/2015-2-6/03.pdf
VOA Indonesia, Xi dan Putin Bahas Hubungan dengan Trump, Ukraina, dan Taiwan, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/xi-dan-putin-bahas-hubungan-dengan-trump-ukraina-dan-taiwan-/7944700.html.
Voa Indonesia,Menlu Ukraina Kunjungi Cbina Pekan ini Untuk Bahas Perdamaian, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/menlu-ukraina-kunjungi-china-pekan-ini-untuk-bahas-perdamaian/7708105.html
Voa Indonesia,Menlu Ukraina Kunjungi Cbina Pekan ini Untuk Bahas Perdamaian, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/menlu-ukraina-kunjungi-china-pekan-ini-untuk-bahas-perdamaian/7708105.html
VOA Indonesia,Rusia dan China Perkuat Kerjasama Pertahanan dengan Dialog Subtantif, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/rusia-dan-china-perkuat-kerja-sama-pertahanan-dengan-dialog-substantif-/7822952.html.
Vsevolod Ovchinnikov, "No Need to Fear the Chinese Tiger: Russia Enters the 21st Century Shoulder to Shoulder with Its Great Neighbor," Rossiyskaya Gazeta , September 19, 2000, reported as "Russia and China to Sign Friendship and Cooperation Treaty," FBIS-CHI-2000-0919.
Wildeni.edu, What is The Balance of Power and How is it Maintaned, Online: https://www.waldenu.edu/online-doctoral-programs/phd-in-public-policy-and-administration/resource/what-is-the-balance-of-power-and-how-is-it-maintained
Wilson Center, China Strategic Calculations Russia Ukraine War, Online: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/chinas-strategic-calculations-russia-ukraine-war
Yun Sun, “Ukuraina shinkou ha Taiwan yuji no sasoimizu to naruka: Chugoku ga mananda senjutsu no kyokun” Will the Ukraine invasion trigger a Taiwan contingency: Tactical lessons China learned, Online: https://digital.asahi.com/articles/ASQ6D6K
Zeiger, China’s Muddled Ukraine Respons Feeds Rare Domestic Debate, Online: https://wirtschaftsanzeiger.com/china-s-muddled-ukraine-response-feeds-rare-domestic-debate-7053877
Balkan Devlen, Ozgur Ozdamar. Neoclassical Realism And Foreign Policy Crises”, Rethingking Realism In International Relations Between Tradition And Innovation, 2009.
Douglas Foyle. “Public Opinion And Foreign Policy: Elite Beliefs As A Mediating Variable”. International Studies Quarterly. 1997.
Ford, Arthur P. 2009. Denting The Hub, Or Strengthening The Spokes? A Neoclassical Realism Analysis Of New Security Trends In The Pacific. Alabama: School Of Advanced Air And Space Studies Air University Maxwell Air Force Base.
Gideon Rose. “Neoclassical Realism And Theories Of Foreign Policy”, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Howard Lentner. (1974) Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative and Conceptual, Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Imam Gunawan, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Teori Dan Praktik (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2015).
Jayanatanuja Bandypadhyaya. “National Character And International Relations”. Internatiional Studies, 1976.
John W. Creswell Dan J. David Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approachess 5th Edition (Sage Publications, 2018).
Kitchen, Nicholas. 2010. ‘Systemic Pressures And Domestik Ideas: A Neoclassical Realist Model Of Grand Strategy Formation’, Review Of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1
Lexy J. Moleong, Metode Penelitian Kuaitatif, Edisi Revisi (Bandung, 2006)
Lobell, Steven E., Norrin M. Ripsman, Dan Jeffrey W. Taliaffero. 2009. Neoclassical Realism, The State, And Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mardalis, Metode Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Proposal (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 1995).
Plano, Jack. J, and Olton Roy, The International Relations Dictionary, Third. Editions, California, Western Michigan University, ABC-Clio, 1982.
Rosyidin, Mohamad. 2010. ‘Integrasi Struktur Dan Unit: Teori Politik Luar Negeri Dalam Perspektif Realisme Neoklasik’, Global, Vol.10, No.2.
Sudarwan Danim, Menjadi Peneliti Kualitatif (Bandung : Pustaka Setia, 2002).
The Balance of Power: History and Theory • Professor Michael Sheehan & Michael J. Sheehan. Taylor & Francis (1996).
Walt, S.M., “International Relations: One World, Many Theories”, Foreign Policy, 110, 1998.
Webber, Mark dan Michael Smith. Foreign Policy in a Transformed World, London: Prentice Hall, 2002
Werner Levi,. “Ideology, Interest, And Foreign Policy”. International Studies Quarterly Vol. 14. Noo 1, 1970. Halaman 3.
Yani, Yanyan Mochamad. 2017. Politik Luar Negeri. Bandung: Pustaka UNPAD.
Sumber Online :
Antaranews.com, Menlu Wang Yi tekankan Persahabatan China dan Ukraina, Online: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4214839/menlu-wang-yi-tekankan-persahabatan-china-dan-ukraina
App News, China Amplifies Unsupported Russian Claim of Ukraine Biolabs,,Online: https://apnews.com/general-news-39eeee023efdf7ea59c4a20b7e018169
Asia Society.org, Policy Institute Interpreting Xo Jinpings Shifting Strategy Rusia Ukraine War, Online: https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/interpreting-xi-jinpings-shifting-strategy-russia-ukraine-war
BBC News, How is China supporting Russia after it was sanctioned for Ukraine war?, Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/60571253
BBC News, News China Foreign Policy, Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/60571253.
BBC News, Perang Ukraina: Dukungan apa yang diberikan China kepada Rusia?, Online: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-64716779
Chat Ham House.org, War Ukraine Chinas Domestic and Diplomatic Balancing Act, Online: https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/all/members-event/war-ukraine-chinas-domestic-and-diplomatic-balancing-act
CNBC Indonesia, China Akhirnya Terang-Terangan Dukung Penuh Rusia di Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240206055735-4-512120/china-akhirnya-terang-terangan-dukung-penuh-rusia-di-perang-ukraina,
CNBC Indonesia, China Akhirnya Terang-Terangan Dukung Penuh Rusia di Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240206055735-4-512120/china-akhirnya-terang-terangan-dukung-penuh-rusia-di-perang-ukraina,
CNBC Indonesia, China Akhirnya Terang-Terangan Dukung Penuh Rusia di Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240206055735-4-512120/china-akhirnya-terang-terangan-dukung-penuh-rusia-di-perang-ukraina,
CNBC Indonesia.com, Survei: Netizen China Anggap AS Pengganggu di Ukraina, Online, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220413130949-4-331349/survei-netizen-china-anggap-as-pengganggu-di-ukraina
Detik News, Apa Dampak 2 Tahun Perang Ukraina terhadap Hubungan China-Rusia?", Online: https://news.detik.com/bbc-world/d-7343314/apa-dampak-2-tahun-perang-ukraina-terhadap-hubungan-china-rusia
Detik.com, Penyebab Konflik Rusia dan Ukraina Sebenarnya Apa ini Rumitnya, Online: https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-5943005/penyebab-konflik-rusia-dan-ukraina-sebenarnya-apa-ini-runutannya,
Financial Times, CIA director says China unsettled by Ukraine war,” Finance, Online: https://www.ft.com/content/a4e8de3b-a2aa-4f10-a820-a910274175a8
Fmprc.gov, Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People‟s Republic of China and the Russian Federation, Online: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/200107/t20010724_679026.html
Foreign Policy, Bonny Lin and John Culver, “China’s Taiwan Invasion Plan,” Online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/19/china-invasion-ukraine-taiwan/
Ft.com, Chinese people stranded in Kyiv become target of Ukrainian anger, Online: https://www.ft.com/content/af0dbe39-e31a-4db0-8ea9-6e0cb842f7b4
Guoguang Wu, Interpreting Xi Jinping's Shifting Strategy on the Russia-Ukraine War, Online: https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/interpreting-xi-jinpings-shifting-strategy-russia-ukraine-war
Institute Montaigne.org, The China-Ukraine Partnership: Surviving a Deteriorating Strategic Environment, Online: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/china-ukraine-partnership-surviving-deteriorating-strategic-environment
Internasional.kontan.co.id, China Minta Ukraina Keluarkan Perusahaan Mereka dari Daftar Hitam Perang, Online: https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/china-minta-ukraina-keluarkan-perusahaan-mereka-dari-daftar-hitam-perang
Internasional.kontan.co.id, China Minta Ukraina Keluarkan Perusahaan Mereka dari Daftar Hitam Perang, Online: https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/china-minta-ukraina-keluarkan-perusahaan-mereka-dari-daftar-hitam-perang,
Jaya Aditya Iswara, „Putin Akui Kemerdekaan Donetsk Dan Luhansk, Separatis Pro-Rusia Di Ukraina Halaman All -Kompas.Com‟, 22AD, Online: https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2022/02/22/070200670/putin-akui-kemerdekaan-donetsk-dan-luhansk-separatis-pro-rusia-di-ukraina?page=all
Kaczmarski, Marcin; Kuhrt, Natasha,. "Ukraine invasion: why China is more likely to support Russia than in the past"., Online : https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-why-china-is-more-likely-to-support-russia-than-in-the-past-177854
Kompas TV, Online : https://www.kompas.tv/internasional/545952/menhan-china-dan-rusia-perkuat-kerja-sama-militer-as-dan-barat-makin-ketar-ketir.
Kompas.com, Sejarah Hubungan Rusia dan China pada Masa Xi Jinping dan Putin", Online: https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2023/03/20/173100470/sejarah-hubungan-rusia-dan-china-pada-masa-xi-jinping-dan-putin?page=all.
Kremelin.ru, “Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the International Relations Entering a New Era and the Global Sustainable Development, Onlie: http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770
Liu, Yawei. Chinese Public Opinion on the War in Ukraine". US-China Perception Monitor, Online: https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/war-ukraine-chinese-public-opinion.
MFA Gov, News, Online: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/zyxw/202202/t20220225_10645684.shtml
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The People’s Republic of China, Online: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/zt_674979/dnzt_674981/qtzt/tww….,
Mod Gov, Online: http://www.mod.gov.cn/topnews/2022-02/02/content_4904160.htm
Pew Research, Attitudes toward China, Online; https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/attitudes-toward-china-2019/
Pism Pl. Determinats of Chinas Policy Towards The War in Ukrain, Online: https://pism.pl/publications/determinants-of-chinas-policy-towards-the-war-in-ukraine,
President.gov.UA, dalam Kompas TV, Lengkap, Inilah 12 Poin Usulan Perdamaian China Untuk Penyelesaian Politik Konflik Rusia Ukraina, Online:https://www.kompas.tv/internasional/401297/lengkap-inilah-12-poin-usulan-perdamaian-china-untuk-penyelesaian-politik-konflik-rusia-ukraina?page=all,
Qiushi, the Truth, the CCP Central Committee’s official periodical on theoretical issues, Online: http://www.qstheory.cn/zhuanqu/2021-08/27/c_1127801606.htm,
Ranty Septianty, Kebijakan Luar Negeri China Atas Invasi Rusia Ke Ukraina Periode 2022-2023, Online : http://repository.unas.ac.id
Razumkov.org, Attitude to foreign countries, international organisations and politicians, and Ukraine's accession to the European Union, Online: https://razumkov.org.ua/en/research-areas/surveys/attitude-to-foreign-countries-international-organisations-and-politicians-and-ukraine-s-accession-to-the-european-union-january-2024
Republika.id, Faktor China dalam Perang Ukraina, Online : https://www.republika.id/posts/25528/faktor-cina-dalam-perang-ukraina.
Researchgate.net, Sejarah, Pengertian, dan Relevansi Sistem Balance of Power Sebagai Mekanisme Keamanan dalam Skema Perpolitikan Internasional. Online https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336915333_Sejarah_Pengertian_dan_Relevansi_Sistem_Balance_of_Power_Sebagai_Mekanisme_Keamanan_dalam_Skema_Perpolitikan_Internasionaldi.
Reuters, Ukraine calls on China to condemn Russia's invasion" , Online: https://www.reuters.com/world/white-house-calls-china-condemn-russias-invasion-ukraine-2022-02-27/,
Royan Ahmad, Tesis: Peningkatan Kerjasama Energi Rusia-China di Tengah Krisis Rusia-Ukraina 2022, Online: https://eprints.unram.ac.id/44269/2/JURNAL.pdf
Russia‟s Gas Supplies to China via Power of Siberia Hit 15.5 Bcm in 2022, Says Novak - Business & Economy - TASS‟, 2023
The Conversation, Goncharuk, Andrey; Hobova, Evgeniia V; Kiktenko, Viktor; Koval, Alex; Koshovy, Serhiy (2016). Betliy, Olena (ed.). Foreign Policy Audit: Ukraine-China
The Diplomat, Conroy, Christian, "China's Nuclear Parasol"., Online: https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/chinas-nuclear-parasol/ diakses 8 Januari 2025
The New York Times, Chris Buckley and Keith Bradsher, “Faced with a Changed Europe, China Sticks to an Old Script., Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/world/asia/china-europe-russia-ukraine.html
The Times of India. "China will not come to Russia's rescue: US official over Ukraine crisis". Oniline: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/china-will-not-come-to-russias-rescue-us-official-over-ukraine-crisis/articleshow/89871391.cms
The Washington Times, Gertz, Bill. "Putin's war tests China's nuclear pact with Ukraine", Online: , https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/feb/28/putins-war-tests-chinas-nuclear-pact-ukraine/
Ukrint Form, "China will never attack Ukraine, ambassador assures", Online: www.ukrinform.net
USCC.Gov, China’s Position on Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, Online: https://www.uscc.gov/research/chinas-position-russias-invasion-ukraine
Vasylenko, Volodymyr , "On assurances without guarantees in a "shelved document"", Online: http:://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://eppd13.cz/wp-content/uploads/2015/2015-2-6/03.pdf
VOA Indonesia, Xi dan Putin Bahas Hubungan dengan Trump, Ukraina, dan Taiwan, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/xi-dan-putin-bahas-hubungan-dengan-trump-ukraina-dan-taiwan-/7944700.html.
Voa Indonesia,Menlu Ukraina Kunjungi Cbina Pekan ini Untuk Bahas Perdamaian, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/menlu-ukraina-kunjungi-china-pekan-ini-untuk-bahas-perdamaian/7708105.html
Voa Indonesia,Menlu Ukraina Kunjungi Cbina Pekan ini Untuk Bahas Perdamaian, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/menlu-ukraina-kunjungi-china-pekan-ini-untuk-bahas-perdamaian/7708105.html
VOA Indonesia,Rusia dan China Perkuat Kerjasama Pertahanan dengan Dialog Subtantif, Online: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/rusia-dan-china-perkuat-kerja-sama-pertahanan-dengan-dialog-substantif-/7822952.html.
Vsevolod Ovchinnikov, "No Need to Fear the Chinese Tiger: Russia Enters the 21st Century Shoulder to Shoulder with Its Great Neighbor," Rossiyskaya Gazeta , September 19, 2000, reported as "Russia and China to Sign Friendship and Cooperation Treaty," FBIS-CHI-2000-0919.
Wildeni.edu, What is The Balance of Power and How is it Maintaned, Online: https://www.waldenu.edu/online-doctoral-programs/phd-in-public-policy-and-administration/resource/what-is-the-balance-of-power-and-how-is-it-maintained
Wilson Center, China Strategic Calculations Russia Ukraine War, Online: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/chinas-strategic-calculations-russia-ukraine-war
Yun Sun, “Ukuraina shinkou ha Taiwan yuji no sasoimizu to naruka: Chugoku ga mananda senjutsu no kyokun” Will the Ukraine invasion trigger a Taiwan contingency: Tactical lessons China learned, Online: https://digital.asahi.com/articles/ASQ6D6K
Zeiger, China’s Muddled Ukraine Respons Feeds Rare Domestic Debate, Online: https://wirtschaftsanzeiger.com/china-s-muddled-ukraine-response-feeds-rare-domestic-debate-7053877
Published
2025-10-03
How to Cite
Sudigdo, E. (2025). KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI CHINA TERKAIT KONFLIK RUSIA DAN UKRAINA TAHUN 2022-2024. Diplomacy and Global Security Journal : Jurnal Mahasiswa Magister Hubungan Internasional, 2(2), 734-756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36859/dgsj.v2i2.4577
Section
Articles
