The News Coverage of Indonesia Media toward AEC

The paper aims to elaborate the analysis of news coverage of Indonesia media toward ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) issue. Each media has its own framing of the news. I would like to know the framing of several online media in Indonesia to respond the AEC issue. The paper will discuss the news from two of popular online media in Indonesia. The paper would analyze news using the framing analysis. Through that way, the paper would present the comparison of how media’s framing about AEC. Do the two online media frame AEC as the battle field to gain national interest as realismmercantilism paradigm point of view or frame AEC as the mutual effort of ASEAN state members to reach the mutual prosperity as regional entity like neo-liberalism paradigm sees it?


Introduction
AEC has been planned to be the significant step for ASEAN towards ASEAN The organization sees the community of region as a form of cooperation to aim mutual benefits for all member states. As known, the purpose of AEC itself is to establish ASEAN as a single market and production-based with the goal of making ASEAN more dynamic and competitive (Asean 2014).
Even though AEC will be fully implemented in the early of 2016, ASEAN has done some agreements to accelerate and to transform ASEAN becomes a region with free flow of goods, services, investment, skilled labors and capital. Some of the agreements are The ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement  (Nye 1977). The opinion of neoliberalism scholars could not be dismissed from the phenomena of European states integration to rebuild the region after World War II by expanding the cooperation among some states in Europe. The inter-states cooperation perceived mutual values and identity in society and also disclose the opportunity to cooperate with other region.
The cooperation was assumed to shut the probability of war, moreover the cost of war were too expensive (Deutsch 1957).
It also explains how the ASEAN starts the integration. Nowadays, ASEAN is developing the economic cooperation among state members. With a market of over 600 million consumers and combined GDP of nearly US$ 3 trillion, ASEAN is vibrant and growing, offering a future to its people of increasing prosperity and stability (Asean, 2014). Keohane argued that the cooperation enhanced the interdependence (Jackson & Sorensen 2005). Eventually, it needed institution or regime to manage the cooperation. For instance, to ease the global trade, World Trade Organizations has been established. In ASEAN case, the interdependence also needed the institution by the establishment of ASEAN in 1967 and also the regimes or agreements that have been made afterwards.
The argument above shows how neoliberalism explains the AEC by highlighting the cooperation of the member states to gain mutual benefit, but how about others opinion like media? Is it the same or different view?
The implementation of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 2016 has become one of most interesting South East Asia regional issue for media. In Indonesia for instance, the news coverage about AEC are quite many. The content of news is also interesting. At a glance, many media which discuss AEC as a big benefit to strengthen Indonesia economic, but there's also that see AEC as a battle of field therefore Indonesia urgently needs to prepare its citizen. In the other hand, AEC is viewed as a form of cooperation to aim mutual prosperity of ASEAN's state members.
Media has the ability to give certain image about an event or issue and it also happens when it comes to AEC. Media can suggest that AEC as a form of chance, threat, battle of field, or good cooperation and etc. The ability of media to feature certain things can be seen through how media frames an issue (Entman 1993). In some studies in International Relations studies, the role of media as the non-state actor started to be recognized by introduction of the concept of Media Diplomacy as part of Public Diplomacy. Eytan Gilboa stated that the communication revolution, the growing mass participation in politics, and changes in international relations produced new types of interaction between mass media and diplomacy and new terms to describe them such as public diplomacy, media diplomacy, populist diplomacy, instant diplomacy, tele-diplomacy, and even photo-diplomacy (Gilboa 1998).
Therefore, this paper aims to see how media in Indonesia to respond and frame the regional issue in term of AEC by publishing the news from public.
To ease this research, there will be chosen two most popular online media in Indonesia namely www.kompas.com which belongs to Kompas Gramedia, and www.tempo.co that owned by Tempo Inti Media. The paper will focus on the news coverage about the leaders of Indonesia's speeches namely President Joko Widodo and Vice President Jusuf Kalla about AEC. After that, the framing analysis will be used to analyze the news, and then in the last part, the paper will provide the possibility of IR theories to explain the media's framing of AEC issue.

A. Framing Analysis Concept
In this paper, the framing concept by Zhongdang Pan and Gerald Kosicki will be the chosen concept. Pan and Kosicki explain that framing is the process of making certain message to be more prominent than others (Eriyanto, 2002). The choosing of Pan and Kosicki framing concept because it emphasizes in detail which parts of news that should be observed in order to see the framing of news about event or issue. There are two important conceptions in framing that has been made by journalist namely psychology and sociology conceptions.
The psychology conception relates to internal structure in someone's mind and it explains how journalists receive the information by their understanding, while the sociology concept relates to social and politics discourse in society, then Pan and Kosicki integrated those two different aspects. Journalists do not only use their understanding to construct the reality, but there are other things such as a) the process of reality construction involves the social value inside the journalist, b) social value in society is influencing since journalist doesn't write for himself but for public instead, c) the production process that involves the journalism standard.
There are four main structures to analysis namely syntaxes, scrip, thematic and rhetoric structures. Syntaxes structure relates to how journalists arrange the fact (statement, opinion, citation and observation) into arranged news. The observed units are the headline, lead, background, citation, source and closing. Then, scrip structure relates to how journalists tell the fact through news and to identify that we can observe 5W and 1H inside the news. Thematic structure relates to how journalists reveal their though toward event or issue through proposition, sentences, and correlation among sentences to construct the whole text. The last one is rhetoric structure that explains about how journalists pick words, idiom, graphic, even photos. The selection is not only for completing the news, but also to emphasize certain meaning. In the table below, Pan and Kosicki created a framework used for analyzing the media framing about event or issue President Joko Widodo asserted the importance of identifying local products that had competitiveness to face AEC 2016.
"Identification of local products with competitiveness that are able to attack our neighborhood states will be identified soon," Jokowi said after the feast of 26 th of ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur on Sunday 26 th of April 2015 In the quotation above, it can be seen the strategy of Indonesia to attack other ASEAN states by using good quality of local product. Tempo.co tried to capture the image of battlefield and competition of AEA. Also different from Kompas.com in the same topics, Tempo.co accentuated the optimism of Indonesia to integrate with ASEAN's single market.
Then from scrip structure, the point accentuated in this article about the strategy to win. There was no debate presented in the article, moreover the spokesperson were only one person. After that, based on thematic structure there were two themes inside the article namely the strategy to win and the optimism to face the AEC. The two themes related to the main theme namely AEC as economic battlefield. Then, according to rhetoric structure, there were the using of word of competitive product that referred to strategy of Indonesia for AEC. Then, scrip structure of the article pointed that there was not debate in the article. The only spokesperson in the article showed the readiness of Indonesia to enter the AEC and there was no opposite opinion on the article.
Next, according to thematic structure there was two themes in the article namely ASEAN summit was the mutual endeavor to achieve the successfulness of AEC and Indonesia was ready to enter the AEC era next year. After that, based on rhetoric structure there were two emphasizing words in the article namely 'lancar' (going smoothly) and 'siap' (to be ready).
The words sound positive and describe the readiness for AEC. As mentioned before, media has enormous role in delivering message to people. Media also has the ability to construct the public opinion. Public opinion itself is the communication act to bring message to people and hope the feedback afterward. The media attracts public attention, so that it can influence the decision making process. Rogers and Dearing showed it by using the agenda setting theory (Dearing & Rogers, 1996).
In this paper, I also want to show the different perspective of ASEAN and Indonesia media in seeing AEC. As mentioned above, ASEAN regarded AEC as the mutual effort of ASEAN member states to gain the simultaneous prosperity in Southeast Asia region. Neoliberalism sees that to achieve the better condition, the states should cooperate and bring up the interdependence among states. The Neoliberalism perspective explained the interdependence of the states in same region and need institution or regime to ease the process.
However, media have different perspective from neoliberalism, and nearly realism-mercantilism instead. Realism-mercantilism perspective viewed the form of economic relations among states were conflicting and zero sum game or 'winner takes all' principle and also, in international relations the role of states was prominent (Hettne 1995). According to the analysis in the previous chapter, it explained that most of the media framed AEC as the economic battlefield and the involving state has to prepare before jumping into the battle.

Conclusion
ASEAN expects that the implementation of AEC will bring the prosperity to all member states. Based on, neoliberalism's view that cooperation among state would give the advantages to the states, ASEAN established a regime or institution to ease the cooperation process. However, media whose influence was quite huge to people perspective, framed the AEC as an